> ## Electronics Definitions

> #### Electromagnetic

> 1. Having both magnetic and electric properties.
> 2. Pertaining to the mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields associated with the movement of electrons through conductors, as in an electromagnet.

> Electromagnetic communications - The electromagnetic wave conductor is space itself. The electromagnetic frequencies available today for communication fall into two categories: frequencies which form "wirelessâ€™ communications (such as visual light of fairly high frequency), and frequencies man uses for wireless communications (such as radio, short wave, and microwave transmitting, of relatively lower frequencies). In communication by radio, short wave, and microwave frequencies, translators similar in principle to those used in electrical communications are needed, although the equipment requirement increases.

> Electromagnetic energy - Forms of radiant energy such as radio waves, heat waves, light waves, x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays.
> Electromagnetic pulse - Abbreviated EMP. A reaction of large magnitude resulting from the detonation of nuclear weapons.
> Electromagnetic radiation - A form of power emitted from vibrating charged particles. A combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation propagates through otherwise empty space with velocity of light. This (constant) velocity equals the alternation frequency multiplied by the wavelength:hence the frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other. The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation is continuous over all frequencies. Abbreviated EMR.. When discussing shielding describes radiation generated by an electrical means, ranging from a stationary magnetic or electrostatic field, to high frequencies changing fields and transmitted plane waves of radio frequency.
> Electromagnetic wave- 1. The radiant energy produced by oscillation of an electric charge. It includes radio, infrared, visible and ultraviolet light waves, and x-rau, gamma, and cosmic rays.
> Microwave.
> Extremely low frequency - A frequency below 300 hertz. Abbreviated ELF.
> Frequency - Symbolized by f. The number of recurrences of a periodic phenomenon in a unit of time. Electical frequency is specified as so many hertz. Radio frequencies are normally expressed in kilohertz at the below 30,000 kilohertz and in megahertz above this frequency. 2. The number of complete cycles in one second of alternating current, voltage, electromagnetic or sound pressure waves.
> hertz - Abbreviated Hz. A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second.
> Hertzian waves - electromagnetic waves of frequencies between 10khz and 30,000Ghz. Radio waves.
> Infrasonic - A frequency below the audio range. Infrasonic vibrations can be felt but not heard. Replaces the obsolete term subsonic frequency. Pertaining to frequencies below the a range of human hearing, hence, below about 15 hertz.
> Infrared - Pertaining to or designating those radiations, such as are emitted by a hot body, with wavelengths just beyond the red end of the visible spectrum. These wavelenghths are longer than those of visible light and shorter than those of radio waves. 2. That section of the electromagnetic spectrum, invisible to the eye, lying between wavelengths of 770 and about 1, 000,000
> Infrared radiation - Invisible radiation with wavelengths in the range between 7800 angstroms (red) and about 1,000,000 angstroms (microwaves).
> Infrared waves - Also called black light. Invisible waves longer than the longest visible red light waves but shorter than radio-frequency waves.
> Ionizing radiation - The dissociation of an atom or molecule into electrons and /ions. 2. The electrically charged particles produced by high-energy radiation (such as light, infrared, ultraviolet rays, x-ray, cosmic rays ) or by the collision of particles during thermal agitation.
> kilowatts -
> Microwave - A term applied to radio waves in the frequency range of 1000megahertz and upward. Generally defines operations in the region where distributed constant circuits enclosed by conducting boundaries are used instead of the conventional lumped-constant circuit components.
> Microwaves - 1. Radio frequencies with such sort wavelengths that they exhibit some of the properties of light. Their frequency range is from 1000 MHz. Up. (microwaves are preferred in point-to-point communications because they are easily concentrated into a beam.)2. Short electromagnetic waves located between the television transmission and infrared frequency regions. For communication purposes, microwaves offer considerable appeal as they can be focused and directed like light and can be manipulated like electricity providing a practical means of transmitting information great distances without the use of wires.
> Microwave radio relay - The relaying of long-distance telephone calls and television broadcast programs by means of highly directional high-frequency radio waves that are received and sent on from one booster station to another.
> Non-ionizing radiation - Radiation which does not produce ionization
> Non-linear - Having an output that does not rise or fall in direct proportion to the input.
> Propagation - The travel of electromagnetic waves or sound waves trough a medium. Propagation does not refer to the flow of current in the ordinary sense.
> Radio frequency - 1. Abbreviated rf. Any frequency at which coherent electromagnetic radiation of energy is possible. 2.Any frequency at which coherent electromagnetic radiation of energy is possible 2. A term describing incoming radio signals to a receiver or outgoing signals from a radio transmitter. There are no finite limits in the rf range but it is usually considered to denote frequency about 150 kHz and extending up to infrared range.
> Radio frequency oscillator - Abbreviated rf oscillator. An oscillator that generates alternating current at radio frequencies.
> Resonance - 1. A circuit condition whereby the inductive- and capacitive-reactance (or -impedance) components of a circuit have been balanced. In usual circuits, resonance can be obtained for only a comparatively narrow frequency band or range.
> Receiver - 1. The portion of a communications system that converts electric waves into a visible or audible form. 2. An electromechanical device for converting electrical energy into sound waves.
> Transmitters - 1. Conveying electrical energy from point ot point along a path. 2. The transfer of a signal, message, or other form of intelligence form one place to another by electrical means.
> Watts -
> Abbreviated W. 1. A unit of the electric power required to do work at the rate of 1 joule per second. It is the power expended when 1 ampere of direct current flows through a resistance of 1 ohm.
> In an alternating current circuit, the true power in watts is effective volt amperes multiplied by the circuit power factor. (There are 746 watts in 1 horsepower.)
> Wave - 1. A physical activity that rises and falls, or advances and retreats, periodically as it travels through a medium. 2. Propagated disturbance, usually periodic, such as a radio wave or sound wave. If the periodic motion is regular and recurring, it is said to be a periodic or damped.
> Waves -
> Sine - A wave which can be expressed as the sine of a linear function of time, space, or both. 2. A waveform ( often viewed on an oscilloscope) of pure alternating current or voltage. It is drawn on a graph of amplitude versus time or radial degrees and follows the rules of sine and cosine values in relation to angular rotation of an alternator. It can be simulated by means of an electronic oscillator.
> Sawtooth -A waveform increasing approximately linearly as a function of time of a fixed interval, returning to its original state sharply, and repeating the process periodically.
> square - 1. A square- or rectangular-shaped periodic wave which alternately assumes two fixed values for equal lengths of time, the transition time being negligible in comparison with the duration of each fixed value.
> Waveform - 1. The shape of an electromagnetic wave. 2. A graphical representation of the relationship between voltage, current or power against time. It also provides a picture of the behavior of signal at given frequencies.
> Wavelength - In a periodic wave, the distance between points of corresponding phase of two consecutive cycles. Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, approximately 186, 000 miles per second.) Acoustics It is the distance occupied by one cycle of a repetitive sound traveling through the air at the velocity of about 11000 feet per second. (An 1100-Hz tone has a wavelength of one foot.)

> Directed Energy Weapons
> Def. The carrier are mulitplied together to produce a modulated wave containing intelligence (information or data of some kind)

> - Nonlethal weapons

>   - Definition/Scope:
>     - Weapon systems that are explicitly designed and primarily employed so as to incapacitate personnel or materiel, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment.
>   - Other names:
>     - less-than-lethal weapons
>     - non-lethal munitions
>     - non-lethal weapons
>   - Acronym:
>     - NLW
>   - Broader Terms:
>     - nonconventional weapons
>   - Narrower Terms:
>     - blinding lasers
>     - bolos
>     - bursting obscurant smoke grenades
>     - disorientation devices
>     - electrical stun devices
>     - flameless expulsion grenades
> - Directed Energy Weapons
>   - Acronym:
>     - DEW
>   - high powered acoustic weapons
>     - illuminating grenades
>     - infrasound
>     - voice synthesis devices
>     - voice to skull devices
>     - vortex weapons
> Related Terms:
> force protection
> blinding lasers
> Definition/Scope:
> A weapon consisting of a laser intended to overload, destroy or degrade optics or target-acquisition electronics from the air, sea or land.
> disorientation devices
> Definition/Scope:
> A weapon ammunition which, upon impact, inflicts an electric shock that potentially causes disorientation of the target individuals.
> high powered acoustic weapons
> Definition/Scope:
> A weapon versatile high power acoustics system with a tunable, less-than-lethal incapacitating capability.
> infrasound
> Definition/Scope:
> Nonlethal warfare measures involving very low frequency sound projection to disorient, sicken or frighten people away from designated areas.
> voice synthesis devices
> Definition/Scope:
> Nonlethal weapon which has the ability to clone a person's voice so that a synthesized message in that person's voice can be transmitted (e.g., by satellite) to a selected audience.
> voice to skull devices
> Definition/Scope:
> Nonlethal weapon which includes (1) a neuro-electromagnetic device which uses microwave transmission of sound into the skull of persons or animals by way of pulse-modulated microwave radiation; and (2) a silent sound device which can transmit sound into the skull of person or animals. NOTE: The sound modulation may be voice or audio subliminal messages. One application of V2K is use as an electronic scarecrow to frighten birds in the vicinity of airports.
> vortex weapons
> Definition/Scope:
> Nonlethal weapon that generates an explosive charge which creates a massive shock wave traveling at hundreds of miles per hour to its target. NOTE: This weapon can knock down people or even aircraft, and could be used in combination with gases or chemical agents.

> Electromagnetic Spectrum
> Electromagnetic spectrumElectromagnetic fields (EMFs), also known as electromagnetic radiation, consist of two distinct types: ionizing and non-ionizing.

> Ionizing Radiation
> On the EMF Spectrum, above visible light and starting in the ultra-violet frequencies, ionizing radiation has sufficient capacity to break a chemical bond and thereby destabilize an atom or molecule. Included in these frequencies are X-rays and gamma rays. These high frequencies, characterized by short wavelengths and great amounts of energy, cause ionization, which damages genetic material.
> Non-ionizing Radiation
> Non-ionizing radiation starts at visible light and continues downward. It includes microwaves and radio frequencies (RF), with frequency ranges such as ultra high frequency (UHF), very high frequency (VHF), very low frequency (VLF), and extremely low frequency (ELF). ELF includes 60-cycle (60 Hertz, or Hz) household current. Contrary to popular belief, computer monitors and video display terminals emit frequencies beyond the ELF and VLF ranges; in fact, monitors emit frequencies up into the microwave range.
> Electric and Magnetic Fields
> Electromagnetic waves are composed of two different but related fields -- electric, known as the E-field, and magnetic, known as the H-field. Monitors, like all electrical appliances, emit both electric and magnetic fields, and do so across the wide range of frequencies just described.
> Electric fields, created by voltage and measured in volts per meter, are present whenever an electric appliance is plugged in. The appliance need not be turned on for electric fields to be detected. Magnetic fields, induced by alternating current (AC) and measured in gauss or Tesla, are present when the appliance is turned on. In lower frequencies such as ELF and VLF, electric fields are relatively easy to shield. Magnetic fields in the ELF range are very difficult to shield, although technology is available to do so.
> The invisible waves on the electromagnetic spectrum range from non-ionizing radiation like Extremely low frequency electromagnetic waves soundwave,visible light,am,cell phone,satellite.

> Radiation which strips away atoms like x-ray, gamma, to cosmic.
> Radionavigation
> Fixed maritime commuications Aeronautical radionavigation
> Low frequency broadcasting Europe
> Underwater submarine communication (10-30khz)

> Medium Frequency (MF): 300 khz to 3 Mhz

> AM radio broadcasting
> Radionavigation
> Fixed maritime communications
> Aeronautical radionavigation
> Fixed and mobile commercial communications
> Amateur radio
> Standard time and frequency services
> High Frequency (HF): 3 MHz to 30 Mhz
> Shortwave broadcasting
> Fixedandmobileservice
> Telemetry
> Amateur radio
> Fixed maritimemobile
> Standard time and frequency services
> Radio astronomy
> Aeronautical fixed and mobile
> Very High Frequency (VHF): 30 MHz to 300Mhz.
> FM radio broadcasting (88-108 Mhz)
> Low band VHF television broadcasting (54-72 Mhz and 76-88)
> High band VHF tv broadcasting (174-216Mhz)
> Commercial fixed and mobile
> Amateur radio
> Radiolocation
> Ultra High Frequency (UHF): 300 Mhz to 3 GHZ.
> UHF terrestrial tv (470-806mhz)
> Telemetry
> Meteorological aids
> Space operations
> Radio astronomy
> Satellite communications
> Point-to-point microwave relay
> Super high frequency (SHF): 3 GHZ to 30 GHz
> Satellite communications 4 GHZ (c-band )or 11 GHZ (Ku band )
> Point-to-point radar
> Specialized wideband communications
> Developmental research
> Military support systems
> Radiolocation
> Radionavigation
> Space research
> Effects of EMF
> Basics EMF
> Electromagnetic fields (EMFs), also known as electromagnetic radiation, consist of two distinct types: ionizing and non-ionizing.

> Ionizing Radiation
> On the EMF Spectrum, above visible light and starting in the ultra-violet frequencies, ionizing radiation has sufficient capacity to break a chemical bond and thereby destabilize an atom or molecule. Included in these frequencies are X-rays and gamma rays. These high frequencies, characterized by short wavelengths and great amounts of energy, cause ionization, which damages genetic material.
> Non-ionizing Radiation
> Non-ionizing radiation starts at visible light and continues downward. It includes microwaves and radio frequencies (RF), with frequency ranges such as ultra high frequency (UHF), very high frequency (VHF), very low frequency (VLF), and extremely low frequency (ELF). ELF includes 60-cycle (60 Hertz, or Hz) household current. Contrary to popular belief, computer monitors and video display terminals emit frequencies beyond the ELF and VLF ranges; in fact, monitors emit frequencies up into the microwave range.
> Electric and Magnetic Fields
> Electromagnetic waves are composed of two different but related fields -- electric, known as the E-field, and magnetic, known as the H-field. Monitors, like all electrical appliances, emit both electric and magnetic fields, and do so across the wide range of frequencies just described.
> Electric fields, created by voltage and measured in volts per meter, are present whenever an electric appliance is plugged in. The appliance need not be turned on for electric fields to be detected. Magnetic fields, induced by alternating current (AC) and measured in gauss or Tesla, are present when the appliance is turned on. In lower frequencies such as ELF and VLF, electric fields are relatively easy to shield. Magnetic fields in the ELF range are very difficult to shield, although technology is available to do so.
> Why Be Concerned?
> Low frequency fields induce electric currents in humans, hence the potential for biological harm. But, if the current is too weak to penetrate cell membranes, how can it be harmful? Some would argue that the current is a "signal" to the cell and that the biological interaction may impact cell functions or alter the immune system, among other things.
> Studies from Sweden show an increased risk of leukemia for children living near power lines. Occupational studies link EMF exposure to tumors, brain cancer and breast cancer in male electrical workers. A recent study reported that people in high EMF exposure occupations such as dressmaking were 3 times as likely to develop Alzheimer's disease.
> Some scientists say EMF exposure may be a cancer promoter rather than a cancer initiator. Melatonin studies offer an insight into this theory. A hormone produced by the pineal gland, melatonin has been shown to slow the growth of breast cancer cells. Recent lab studies show that 1) EMFs may lower melatonin levels and thus promote cancer indirectly; 2) EMFs may nullify melatonin's cancer-fighting abilities in slowing the growth of cancer cells. So, even sufficient levels of melatonin would be useless if EMFs block its anti-cancer actions. As a potential causal link between EMFs and cancer, melatonin is gaining attention from the scientific community. Melatonin's benefits to human health have been the subject of several books published in the last year.
> Also under investigation is electrical hypersensitivity, based on reports of skin disorders and allergic reactions to EMF exposure. Better recognized in Sweden, this condition is manifest by skin rashes and irritation, fatigue, dizziness, nausea and headaches associated with computer use. The Swedish Association for the Electrically and VDT Injured has a web site on electrical hypersensitivity. Also, the January/February 1995 issue of "VDT News" - no longer published but available through "Microwave News" http://www.microwavenews.com- contains research details and case histories of EMF hypersensitivity.
> The most ambitious effort by the US government to look into biological effects of EMFs was included in the 1992 Energy Policy Act, which authorized a 5-year, million program of EMF research and public information. Part of this program includes government sponsorship of cancer, neurological and reproductive studies. The states of California and New York have sponsored EMF research, with California in particular undertaking a rigorous program of analysis and investigation of EMF biological effects. You can read some of the results from the National Health Institute and look under Electromagnetic Energy.

> Electromagnetic Spectrum Graphic
> Electromagnetic Spectrum Graphic

> Directed Energy Website
> Directed Energy Website

> > All logos and trademarks in this site are property of their respective owner.
> > FAIR USE NOTICE: This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, and for the general purpose of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, research and / or educational purposes only. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. If you wish to use this material for purposes other than provided by law. You must obtain permission from the copyright owner. For more information go to: http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/index.html,