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         MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 42a * [Part 1 of 3 parts]
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         V E R I C O M M / MindNet         "Quid veritas est?"
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    Editor: Mike Coyle

    Contributing Editors: Walter Bowart
                          Alex Constantine
                          Martin Cannon

    Assistant Editor: Rick Lawler

    Research: Darrell Bross

    Editor's Note:

    The "Tables" in this article referred to as:

    "...Tables 2-4 and 2-5 present the depth of penetration of
    various frequencies of electromagnetic radiation in
    biological tissues..."

    ...are not included in this reproduction. They are available
    at the MindNet FTP site as: [mn142c.txt].

    ================================================================

    Excerpted from:

    LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY

    LtCol David J. Dean, USAF, _Editor_

    With a Foreword by CONGRESSMAN NEWT GINGRICH

    Air University Press, Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research,
    and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, June 1986.

    ----------------------------------------------------------------

    Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

    Low-intensity conflict and modern technology.

      Papers presented at a workshop conducted by Air University
    Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education (CADRE),
    March 1984.
      Includes bibliographies.
      1. Low-intensity conflicts--Congresses. 2.
    Munitions--Congresses.  I. Dean, David J. II. Air University
    (U.S.) Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education.
    U104.L69  1986  355'.0218  86-3537

    ---

                              FOREWORD

       The United States is on the verge of a dramatic change in
    its ability to cope with low-intensity conflict. We must become
    a great deal better in the process of fighting this kind of
    "small war"; the world will not give us any choice. We may learn
    to adjust our current systems, procedures, and understanding
    quickly and intelligently, in which case we will come to cope
    with low-intensity conflict very rapidly. Or, we may learn this
    difficult art in a grudging, confused, and halting manner, in
    which case the next 20 years will be very painful and very
    expensive, both for the United States and for the case of
    freedom.
       This book is a serious effort to make thinking about and
    working on low-intensity conflict easier, more understandable,
    and more effective. It is a major contribution to what is a
    growing literature and dialogue on the obligation of the United
    States to respond to the challenge of low-intensity conflict.
       This book is needed because the United States finds itself
    dramatically challenged by conflict below the level of full-scale
    war. Unfortunately, our recent intellectual and bureaucratic
    traditions and systems fail to address adequately the challenge
    of low-intensity conflict. The organization of power in the State
    and Defense Departments and the relationships between the
    Congress, the news media, and the executive branch are all
    unsuited to fighting a low-intensity conflict effectively.
        The United States has a long history of coping rather
    successfully with low-intensity threats. From the opening up of
    the West by the US Cavalry in the face of the American Indian to
    the Philippine insurrection and the turn of the century to the US
    Army's pursuit of Pancho Villa into northern Mexico to the US
    Marine Corps presence in Nicaragua and Haiti in the twenties, the
    United States systematically subdued low-intensity threats to
    America's policies.
       Generally, these forces were used almost without debate or
    news coverage. The country went about the process of becoming
    more prosperous and more powerful in the pursuit of everyday
    life, while allowing its professional soldiers to engage quietly
    in dirty little wars in faraway places with almost no regard for
    legal nicety or the technical problems of international law.
    However, the dominant tradition of the American State Department,
    the American news media, and the average American intellectual
    community was shaped not by the American experience in the West
    or the Philippines or Mexico and Central America, but rather by
    the nineteenth century tradition of European thought.
       The European tradition is based on the concept of sovereignty
    and formal declarations of war. Sophisticated lawyers focused on
    the laws of England, Germany, and France. Sophisticated
    academicians educated in England, Germany, and France came to
    shape the concept of legality which had application to Europe,
    but totally ignored European behavior outside of that continent.
    In Europe, boundaries were not to be crossed by foreign armed
    forces without a formal declaration of war. Once the boundaries
    were crossed, a formal war would immediately ensure.
       That practice did not pertain to most of the world. British
    colonial expeditions against local tribes, bandits, and guerrilla
    operations, for example, were routine and primarily military.
    These expeditions went virtually unreported except in books like
    those of Winston Churchill. When they were covered as spectacular
    adventures against backward local natives. The emphasis was
    almost always on the heroism of the British rather than on the
    use of overpowering force against clearly overmatched natives
    simply fighting for their own freedom. If the British campaigns
    against the Mahdi, the Zulu, and the Afghans in the nineteenth
    century were covered today, we would notice major shifts in
    emphasis and bias in that coverage.
       The British approach to low-intensity conflict in the
    nineteenth century was virtually schizophrenic. This approach had
    no place among the legal niceties of international laws that
    governed sovereign states which tended to be only European. Thus,
    wars could be fought in the gray area between civilized and
    uncivilized nations without anyone noticing.
       The post-World War II United Nations declared, in effect, that
    all of us are civilized and have human rights. The European
    concepts of sovereignty and international law became applicable
    to all people. This new approach radically changes the approach
    of low-intensity conflict. It requires that an entire new area of
    international law be developed with those situations in which one
    state does not wish to declare war, but, nevertheless, finds
    itself engaged in violent action or facing the potential for
    violent action with other states.
       This area of international life lacks an intellectually
    adequate American tradition. Our first great challenge in the
    area of low-intensity conflict, is the next 20 years, to invent a
    theory of law and structure of behavior that allows us to survive
    and win "small wars," with a framework that maintains certain
    basic rights for every human being. In addition, in the
    nineteenth century tradition, there was no serious consideration
    given to systematic organized terrorism. There were occasional
    acts of violence committed by specific and usually identifiable
    anarchists. These acts were mostly dealt with by various police
    forces operating quietly on the fringes of society, in situations
    in which the policemen were heroes. There was almost no
    consideration given to the possibility that a sovereign
    government was backing the anarchists. Thus, there was no
    state-backed terrorism which directly threatened a particular
    government.
       Whether it is the Irish Republican Army, the Palestine
    Liberation Organization, or Islamic fanatics with direct backing
    from Libya, Iran, or Syria or indirect backing from Cuba and the
    Soviet Union, state-backed terrorism poses a new threat to the
    West for which we have no framework to respond. We are going to
    have to develop a capacity for striking at the cause of terrorism
    and the source of terrorist support if we are to survive in a
    free country. That is the second great challenge of out time in
    low-intensity conflict.
       Finally, in the nineteenth century, there was no single empire
    systematically creating conflicts around the planet, looking for
    weaknesses in its opponents which could be exploited by new
    methods of warfare violence. The simple fact is the Soviet
    empire and its colonies have studied the West and have come to
    the conclusion that our greatest vulnerability is in
    low-intensity conflict. In this type of conflict, the Soviet
    Union suffers little if its client is defeated but gains greatly
    if its client wins.
       Since the Soviets have discovered the blind spot in our
    intellectual armor for competition, we can expect more and more
    low-intensity conflict for the foreseeable future. Only when we
    have developed a deterrent to low-intensity conflict as
    successful as our nuclear deterrent and our deterrence of
    conventional war in Europe will we be able to suppress Soviet
    efforts in this area. As long as the Soviet Union thinks it can
    cause the United States trouble in Central America while we do
    them little harm in Afghanistan, and as long as they can begin
    various minor wars using second and third level puppets, clients,
    and colonies while we are incapable of responding except by the
    direct use of American forces, the Soviets are going to have a
    great advantage. They are going to pursue this zone of
    international competition with great intensity and great
    savagery.
       Intellectually, politically, and professionally, low-intensity
    conflict may be the most serious area of competition with the
    Soviet Empire over the next 30 years. The free world must find a
    legal, political, and diplomatic formula which enables us to cope
    with low-intensity conflict. Until we find a way to deal with
    Soviet-supported or other low-intensity conflict, we are going to
    remain at a grave disadvantage in the competition for survival on
    this planet.
       This book is a serious step toward grappling with the
    technical, intellectual, and military problems of low-intensity
    conflict. The breadth of topics covered clearly indicates the
    complexity and range of difficulties which Americans and our
    allies in the free world have to explore if we are to develop a
    successful response to low-intensity conflict. Any student of
    American survival and any citizen concerned with understanding
    how this nation can cope with the challenge of low-intensity
    conflict more effectively will be served by studying this work.
    Its authors are to be commended for a job well done and a
    process well initiated.

                                         [Original signed]
                                         Newt Gingrich
                                         House of Representatives

    [...]

    (Pages 249 to 260)

    Part Two

    TECHNOLOGY

    THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM IN LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT

    By Capt Paul E. Tyler, MC, USN

       Although electromagnetic radiation is familiar to everyone,
    the prototype being visible light, and although some magnetic
    and "electrical" properties have been observed for centuries (the
    lodestone, for example), not until late in the eighteenth century
    did scientists identify electromagnetism for what it really is,
    explore its physics, and develop rational theories for its
    practical use. Major contributions to this field include the
    experiments and studies of Harvey, Helmholtz, and Maxwell.
    Maxwell finally formulated the basic theory of the
    electromagnetic field, which Hertz later verified. Today,
    research on electromagnetic fields is moving in directions far
    different from what these pioneer scientists envisioned or
    attempted.
       The results of many studies that have been published in the
    last few years indicate that specific biological effects can be
    achieved by controlling the various parameters of the
    electromagnetic (EM) field. A few of the more important EM
    factors can be manipulated are frequency, wave shape, rate of
    pulse onset, pulse duration, pulse amplitude, repetition rate,
    secondary modulation, and symmetry and asymmetry of the pulse.
    Many of the clinical effects of electromagnetic radiation were
    first noticed using direct current applied directly to the skin.
    Later the same effects were obtained by applying external fields.
    Electromagnetic radiation has been reported in the literature to
    induce or enhance the following effects:

    1. Stimulation of bone regeneration in fractures.
    2. Healing of normal fractures.
    3. Treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis.
    4. Healing of wounds.
    5. Electroanesthesia.
    6. Electroconvulsive therapy.
    7. Behavior modification in animals.
    8. Altered electroencephalograms in animals and humans.
    9. Altered brain morphology in animals.
    10. Effects of acupuncture.
    11. Treatment of drug addiction.
    12. Electrostimulation for relief of pain.
    13. Altered firing of neuronal cells.

    These are but a few of the many biological effects and uses that
    have been reported over the past decade. There are not exhaustive
    and do not include many of the effects reported in the Soviet and
    East European literature.
       As with most human endeavors, these applications of
    electromagnetic radiation have the potential for being a
    double-edged sword. They can produce significant benefits, yet at
    the same time can be exploited and used in a controlled manner
    for military and covert operations. This paper focuses on the
    potential uses of electromagnetic radiation in future
    low-intensity conflicts.

    POTENTIAL MILITARY APPLICATIONS OF EMR

       The exploitation of this technology for military uses is still
    in its infancy and only recently has been recognized by the
    United States as a feasible option. A 1982 Air Force review of
    biotechnology had this to say:

      Currently available data allow the projection that specially
      generated radio frequency radiation (RFR) fields may pose
      powerful and revolutionary antipersonnel military threats.
      Electroshock therapy indicates the ability of induced electric
      current to completely interrupt mental functioning for short
      periods of time, to obtain cognition for longer periods and to
      restructure emotional response over prolonged intervals.

      Experience with electroshock therapy, RFR experiments and the
      increasing understanding of the brain as an electrically
      mediated organ suggested the serious probability that impressed
      electromagnetic fields can de disruptive to purposeful behavior
      and may be capable of directing and or interrogating such
      behavior.

      Further, the passage of approximately 100 milliamperes through
      the myocardium can lead to cardiac standstill and death, again
      pointing to a speed-of-light weapons effect.

      A rapidly scanning RFR system could provide an effective stun
      or kill capability over a large area. System effectiveness will
      be a function of wave form, field intensity, pulse widths,
      repetition frequency, and carrier frequency. The system can be
      developed using tissue and whole animal experimental studies,
      coupled with mechanisms and waveform effects research.

      Using relatively low-level RFR, it may be possible to sensitize
      large military groups to extremely dispersed amounts of
      biological or chemical agents to which the unirradiated
      population would be immune.(1)

    The potential applications of artificial electromagnetic fields
    are wide ranging and can be used in many military or
    quasi-military situations.
       Some of the potential uses include dealing with terrorist
    groups, crowd control, controlling breached of security at
    military installations, and antipersonnel techniques in tactical
    warfare. In all of these cases the EM systems would be used to
    produce mild to severe physiological disruption or perceptual
    distortion or disorientation. In addition the ability of
    individuals to function could be degraded to such a point that
    they would be combat ineffective. Another advantage of
    electromagnetic systems is that they could provide coverage over
    large areas with a single system. They are silent and
    countermeasures to them may be difficult to develop. Assuming
    that electromagnetic radiation can be controlled to produce a
    specific adverse biological effect, the equal possibility exists
    that one can produce a beneficial effect such as enhancing the
    performance of the individuals. This development would provide
    personnel with enhanced capabilities in time of need. For
    example, if a small force is required to operate in isolation for
    an extended period of time, then local exposure to the right
    parameters of electromagnetic radiation may give this force the
    ability to do so with minimal rest and still maintain peak
    performance. One last area where electromagnetic radiation may
    prove to be of some value is in enhancing abilities of
    individuals for anomalous phenomena.

    CLASSICAL THEORY VERSES RECENT THEORETICAL RESEARCH

       Even though the body is basically an electrochemical system,
    modern science has been almost exclusively studied the chemical
    aspects of the body and to this date has largely neglected the
    electrical aspects. However, over the past decade researchers
    have devised many mathematical models to approximate the
    internal fields in animals and humans. Some of the later models
    have shown general agreement with experimental measurements made
    with phantom models and animals. Presently most scientists in
    the field use the concept of specific absorption rate of
    dosimetry of electromagnetic radiation. Specific absorption rate
    is the intensity of the internal electric field or quantity of
    energy absorbed per unit time is per unit mass. The latest
    edition of the Dosimetry Handbook discusses specific absorption
    rate in detail.(2) Tables 2-4 and 2-5 present the depth of
    penetration of various frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
    in biological tissues according to current electromagnetic
    theory. However, the use of these classical concepts of
    electrodynamics does not explain some experimental and clinical
    findings. For example, according to classical physics, the
    frequency of visible light would indicate that it is reflected
    or totally absorbed within the first few millimeters of tissue
    and thus no light should pass through significant amounts of
    tissue. But it does. Also, classical theory indicates that the
    body should be completely invisible to extremely low frequencies
    of light where a single wave length is a thousand miles long.
    However, visible light has been used in clinical medicine to
    transilluminate various body tissues. The technique is
    particularly useful in observing the skulls of infants and the
    various sinus cavities.
       A second area of classical theory fails to provide an adequate
    explanation for observed effects is in the clinical use for
    extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields.
    Researchers have found that pulsed external magnetic fields at
    frequencies below 100 hertz will stimulate the healing of
    nonunion fractures, congenital pseudarthroses, and failed
    arthroses.(3) The effects of these pulsed magnetic fields have
    been extremely impressive and their use in orthopedic conditions
    had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
       Recently, pulsed electromagnetic fields have been reported to
    induce cellular transcription.(4) At the other end of the
    nonionizing spectrum, research reports are also showing
    biological effects that are not predicted by classical theories.
    For example, Kremer and others have published several papers
    showing that low-intensity millimeter waves produce biological
    effects. They have also shown that not only are the effects seen
    at a very low power, but they are also frequency specific.(5)
       As a result of theses and other studies, several groups of
    scientists have been reevaluating their concepts and looking for
    new solutions. Some of the newer approaches have included the
    recognition that biological systems are nonlinear and rather
    than apply simple linear functions to the interaction of
    electromagnetic fields and biological systems, one must use
    nonlinear wave mechanics. Some researchers have even
    incorporated the mathematics of chaos dynamics.

    [Continued to part 2]
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