    (Adey, 1983, 1986, 1987; Adey and Lawrence, 1984; Lawrence
    and Adey, 1982).

    Page 122:

    Cooperative Modification of Calcium Binding by RF Fields
    at Cell Surfaces with Amplification of Initial Signals

    Initial stimuli associated with weak perpindicular EM fields
    and with binding of stimulating molecules at their membrane
    receptor sites elicit a HIGHLY COOPERATIVE modification of
    Ca++ binding to glycoproteins along the membrane surface.

    As noted above, a longitudinal spread is consistent with
    the direction of extracellular current flow associated with
    physiological activity and imposed EM fields.  This cooper-
    ative modification of surface Ca++ binding is an
    AMPLIFYING STAGE, with evidence from concurent initial molecular
    binding events by imposed RF fields that there is a far greater
    increase in Ca++ efflux than is accounted for in the events of
    receptor-ligand binding (Bawin and Adey, 1976; Bawin et al,
    1975; Liu-Liu and Adey, 1982).

    Page 124:
    ...
    Enzymes are protein molecules that function as catalysts,
    initiating and enhancing chemical reactions that would not
    otherwise occur at tissue temperatures.  This ability resides
    in the pattern of electrical charges on the molecular surface.
    In the fashion of more familiar chemical catalysts, such as
    the hydrocarbon oxidation systems which function only at very
    high temperatures in automotive exhaust systems, a catalyst
    emerges unchanged from these reactions and is thus able to
    participate indefinitely in a specific reaction.

    Activation of these enzymes and the reactions in which they
    participate involve energies millions of times greater than
    in the cell surface cell surface triggering events initiated
    by the EM fields, emphasizing the MEMBRANE AMPLIFICATION
    inherent in this trans-membrane signaling sequence.

    Page 131:
    ...
    Stimulus Amplification in Cooperative Systems
    ...
    It is therefore clear that OBSERVED EM field interactions
    with cells and tissues based on oscillating ELF tissue gradients
    between 10 E-7 and 10 E-1 volts per centimeter would involve
    cooperativity MANY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE GREATER than envisaged in
    the examples just cited.
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