### MindNet is no longer active.

#### Back to MindNet Index

    ================================================================
         MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 65
    ================================================================
         V E R I C O M M / MindNet         "Quid veritas est?"
    ================================================================

    The views and opinions expressed below are not necessarily the
    views and opinions of VERICOMM, MindNet, or the editors unless
    otherwise noted.

    The following is reproduced here with the express permission of
    the author.

    Permission is given to reproduce and redistribute, for
    non-commercial purposes only, provided this information and the
    copy remain intact and unedited.

    Editor: Mike Coyle

    Assistant Editor: Rick Lawler

    Research: Darrell Bross

    Editor's Note:

    This statement by the author of the following paper says it all.

    "Within the last two decades (Persinger, Ludwig, & Ossenkopp,
    1973) a potential has emerged which was improbable but which is
    now marginally feasible. This potential is the technical
    capability to influence directly the major portion of the
    approximately six billion brains of the human species without
    mediation through classical sensory modalities by generating
    neural information within a physical medium within which all
    members of the species are immersed."

    The medium he is referring to is the atmosphere of this planet.

    ================================================================

    ON THE POSSIBILITY OF DIRECTLY ACCESSING EVERY HUMAN BRAIN BY
    ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION OF FUNDAMENTAL ALGORITHMS

    By M.A. Persinger

    Laurentian University

    June 1995

    Perceptual and Motor Skills, June 1995, 80, 791-799.

    (c) Perceptual and Motor Skills, ISSN 0031-5125

    ----------------------------------------------------------------

       _Summary_.-- Contemporary neuroscience suggests the existence
    of fundamental algorithms by which all sensory transduction is
    translated into the intrinsic, brain-specific code. Direct
    stimulation of these codes within the human temporal or limbic
    cortices by applied electromagnetic patterns may require energy
    levels which are within the range of both geomagnetic activity
    and contemporary communication networks. A process which is
    coupled to the narrow band of brain temperature could allow all
    normal human brains to be affected by a subharmonic whose
    frequency range at about 10 Hz would only vary by 0.1 Hz.

       The pursuit of the basic algorithms by which all human brains
    operate can be considered a central theme of modern neuroscience.
    Although individual differences are expected to accommodate most
    of the variance in any specific neurobehavioral measure, there
    should exist basic patterns of information and structure within
    brain space. They would be determined by the human genome, i.e.,
    be species-specific, and would contribute to or would serve as
    the substrate upon which all phenomena that affect
    neurobehavioral measures are superimposed.
       One logical extrapolation to a neurophysical basis of
    consciousness is that all experiences must exist as correlates
    of complex but determined sequences of electromagnetic matrices.
    They would control the theme for the format of cognition and
    affect while the myriad of possible serial collections of random
    variations of "noise" within the matrices could potentially
    differentiate between individual brains. Identification of these
    sequences could also allow direct access to the most complex
    neurocognitive processes associated with the sense of self, human
    consciousness and the aggregate of experiential representations
    (episodic memory) that define the individual within the brain
    (Squire, 1987).
       The existence of fundamental commonalities between all human
    brains by which a similar physical stimulus can affect them is
    not a new concept. It is demonstrated daily by the similar shifts
    in qualitative functions that are evoked by psychotropic drugs.
    Classes of chemical structures, crudely classified as
    antidepressant, antipsychotic, or anxiolytic compounds, produce
    general attenuations of lowered mood, extreme eccentric thinking,
    or extreme vigilance. The characteristics of these changes are
    very similar within millions of different human brains regardless
    of their cultural or genetic history. The idiosyncratic
    experiences such as the specific thoughts and images which
    reflect each person's continuing process of adaptation are
    superimposed upon these general functions. When translated into
    the language of neuroelectrical domains, the unique components
    of individual consciousness would be both embedded within and
    interacting with the species-invariant patterns.
       We have been studying the phenomenological consequences of
    exposure to complex electromagnetic fields whose temporal
    structures have been derived from the most recently observed
    neuroelectrical profiles such as burst-firing or long-term
    potentiating sequences (Brown, Chapman, Kairiss, & Keenan, 1988)
    which can be considered the prototypical basis of a major domain
    of brain activity. These temporal patterns of potential codes for
    accessing and influencing neuronal aggregates have been applied
    across the two cerebral hemispheres (through the regions of the
    temporoparietal lobes or within the region of the
    hippocampal-amygdaloid complex) of the brain as weak
    electromagnetic fields whose intensities are usually less than
    10 milligauss (1 microT). The purpose of this research, as
    suggested by both E.R. John (1967) and Sommerhoff (1974), is
    to identify the basic codes for the language of the
    representational systems within the human brain.
       In the tradition of Johannes Mueller, we have assumed that
    the normal transduction of stimuli by sensors into afferent,
    graded potentials and the subsequent translation into digital
    patterns of action potentials (which are more likely to behave
    functionally as a composite of pixels within a neural field) can
    be circumvented by _direct_ introduction of this information
    within the brain. Induction of complex information would require
    simulation of the resonance patterns which would normally be
    transiently created by sensory afferents. The basic premise is
    that synthetic duplication of the neuroelectrical correlates
    generated by sensors to an actual stimulus should produce
    identical experiences without the presence of that stimulus.
       We have focused upon the polymodal and most labile portions of
    the parahippocampal (Van Hoesen, 1982) and entorhinal cortices
    (Vinagradova, 1975) and the anterior superior gyrus of the
    temporal cortices (Bancaud, Brunet-Bourgin, Chauvel, & Halgren,
    1994) as the region within which circumvention would be most
    probable. Extraction and translation of neural patterns from
    different sensory inputs into common codes occur within these
    regions before they are consciously perceived (Edelman, 1989).
    That central codes are present was shown by E.R. John (1967, pp.
    348-349) who reported an immediate transference of the operant
    control of a response from a pulsatile auditory stimulus to a
    pulsatile visual stimulus if its _temporal_pattern_ was
    identical to the previous (acoustic) stimulus.
       We (Fleming, Persinger, & Koren, 1994) reported that whole
    brain exposure of rats to a 5-microT burst-firing magnetic field
    for 1 sec. every 4 sec. evoked an analgesic response that was
    similar to that elicited by the application of more noxious,
    tactile simulation for 1 sec. every 4 sec. directly to the
    footpads. Direct electrical stimulation of the limbic structures
    which simulate episodic, systemic application of muscarinic
    (cholinergic) agents can evoke electrical kindling (Cain, 1989).
    More recently, direct induction of chaotic electrical sequences
    within the labile CA1 region of the hippocampus has been shown
    either to promote and attenuate paroxysmal discharges (Schiff,
    Jerger, Duong, Chang, Spano, & Ditto, 1994).
       These results strongly indicate that imitation of the temporal
    pattern of sensory transmission directly within the brain by any
    nonbiogenic stimuli can evoke changes which are just as effective
    as (and perhaps require less energy than) classical transduction.
    As stated more recently and succinctly by E.R. John (1990), the
    fundamental operation of brain electrical activity suggests that
    some form of frequency encoding may play a significant role in
    informational transactions within and between brain structures.
    Consciousness would be associated with an electromagnetic pattern
    generated by a neural aggregate with invariant statistical
    features which are independent of the cells contributing to each
    feature (John 1990, p. 53).
       The effects of applied time-varying magnetic fields upon brain
    activity have been considered minimal or within the range of
    normal biological limits unless the intensity of the field
    exceeded natural endogenous or exogenous (ambient) levels by
    several orders of magnitude. Until very recently, almost all of
    the studies from which this conclusion was derived involved
    highly redundant stimuli such as 60 Hz fields or repetitive
    pulses. A simple illustration presents the problem: only 1 min.
    of a 60-Hz sine-wave field exposes a neural net to 3,600
    presentations (60 sec. x 60 cycles per sec.) of the _same_
    redundant information. Even general estimates of habituation
    (Persinger, 1979) such as the equation  H=IRT2/Rt
    (IRT=interresponse time, Rt=duration of response) indicate that
    habituation to the stimulus would have occurred long before its
    termination after 1 min. Although the burst-firing frequencies
    (100 to 200 Hz) of the hippocampal neurons, for example, exceed
    this pattern, they are not temporally symmetrical and exhibit a
    variability of interstimulus intervals that would contain
    different information and would attenuate habituation.
       The apparent dependence of organismic responses upon the
    intensity of the applied electromagnetic field, the
    "intensity-dependent response curve," could simply be an
    artifact of the absence of biorelevant information within the
    wave pattern. If the temporal structure of the applied
    electromagnetic field contained detailed and biorelevant
    information (Richards, Persinger, & Koren, 1993), then the
    intensity of the field required to elicit a response could be
    several orders of magnitude below the values which have been
    previously found to elicit changes. For example, Sandyk (1992)
    and Jacobson (1994) have found that complex magnetic fields with
    variable interstimulus pulse durations could evoke unprecedented
    changes in melatonin levels even with intensities within the
    nanoT range.
       The classical counterargument that "very strong" magnetic
    fields must be present "to exceed or to compensate for the
    electromagnetic noise associated with intrinsic (Boltzmann)
    thermal energies" is based upon equations and calculations for
    the quantitative indices of aggregates of molecular activity and
    not upon the _pattern_ of their interaction. There are other
    possibilities. For example, Weaver and Astumian (1990) have shown
    mathematically that detection of very weak (microV/cm) fields can
    occur if the response is exhibited within a narrow band of
    frequencies; the detection is a function of both thermally
    induced fluctuations in membrane potential and the maximum
    increment of change in the membrane potential which is evoked by
    the applied magnetic field. The ion-cyclotron-resonance model
    which was initiated by the research of Blackman, Bename,
    Rabinowitz, House, and Joines (1985) and supported by Lerchl,
    Reiter, Howes, Honaka, and Stokkan (1991) indicates that, when an
    alternating magnetic field at a distance (resonance) frequency is
    superimposed upon a steady-state magnetic field, the movement of
    calcium and other ions can be facilitated with very small
    energies. More than 25 years ago, Ludwig (1968) developed a
    compelling (but hereto ignored) mathematical argument which
    described the absorption of atmospherics within the brain.
       Above these minimal thresholds, the information content of the
    wave structure becomes essential. The simplest analogy would be
    the response of a complex neural network such as a human being to
    sonic energy. If only a 1000-Hz (sine wave) tone were presented,
    the intensity required to evoke a response could well exceed 90
    db; in this instance the avoidant response would be overt and
    crude. However, if the structure of the sonic field was modified
    to exhibit the complex pattern which was equivalent to
    biorelevant information such as "help me, I am dying," field
    strengths several orders of magnitude weaker, e.g., 30 db, could
    be sufficient. This single, brief but information-rich stimulus
    would evoke a response which could recruit every major cognitive
    domain.
       If the information within the structure of the applied
    magnetic field is a major source of its neurobehavioral effect,
    then the "intensity-dependent" responses which are interpreted as
    support for experimental hypotheses of biomagnetic interaction
    could be both epiphenomenal and artifactual. Such amplification
    of electromagnetic-field strengths would also increase the
    intensity of the extremely subtle and almost always ignored
    subharmonics, ripples, and other temporal anomalies which are
    superimposed upon or within the primary frequency. These subtle
    anomalies would be due to the artifacts within the different
    electronic circuits and components whose similarities are based
    upon the fidelity of the endpoint (the primary frequency) despite
    the different geometries employed to produce the endpoint.
       If information rather than intensity is important for
    interaction with the neural network (Jahn & Dunne, 1987), then
    _these_ unspecified "background" patterns may be the source of
    both the experimental effects and the failures of
    interlaboratory replications. A concrete example of this problem
    exists within the putative association between exposure to power
    (60 Hz) frequency magnetic fields and certain types of cancer.
    The existence of these transients, often superimposed upon the
    fundamental 60-Hz frequency, is still the least considered factor
    in the attempts to specify the characteristics of the fields
    which promote aberrant mitosis (Wilson, Stevens, & Anderson,
    1990).
       Within the last five years, several researchers have reported
    that direct and significant effects upon specific neuropatterns
    can be evoked by extremely weak magnetic fields whose intensities
    are within the range of normal geomagnetic variations. Sandyk
    (1992) has discerned significant changes in vulnerable subjects
    such as patients who were diagnosed with neurological disorders
    following exposure of short durations to magnetic fields whose
    strengths are within the pT to nT range but whose spatial
    applications are multifocal (a fasces-type structure) and
    designed to introduce heterogeneous patterns within a very
    localized brain space. The effective components of the field
    (which are assumed to be discrete temporal patterns due to the
    modulation of the frequency and intensity of the electromagnetic
    fields) are not always obvious; however, the power levels for
    these amplitudes are similar to those associated with the signals
    (generated globally by radio and communication systems) within
    which most human beings are exposed constantly.
       The most parsimonious process by which all human brains could
    be affected would require (1) the immersion of all the
    approximately 6 billion brains of the human species within the
    same medium or (2) a coercive interaction because there was
    facilitation of a very narrow-band window of vulnerability within
    each brain. For the first option, the steady-state or "permanent"
    component of the earth's magnetic field meets the criterion. The
    possibility that masses of susceptible people could be influenced
    during critical conditions by extremely small variations (less
    than 1%) of the steady-state amplitude (50,000 nT) of the earth's
    magnetic field such as during geomagnetic storms (50 to 500 nT)
    has been discussed elsewhere (Persinger, 1983). Recent
    experimental evidence which has shown a threshold in geomagnetic
    activity of about 20 nT to 30 nT for the report of vestibular
    experiences in human beings and the facilitation of limbic
    seizures in rodents is consistent with this hypothesis.
       The potential for the creation of an aggregate process with
    gestalt-like properties which reflect the average
    characteristics of the brains that are maintained with this
    field and that generate the aggregate has also been developed
    (Persinger & Lafreniere, 1977) and has been labelled the
    "geopsyche." This phenomenon would be analogous to the vectorial
    characteristics of an electromagnetic field which is induced by
    current moving through billions of elements such as wires
    contained within a relative small volume compared to the source.
    Such gestalts, like fields in general, also affect the elements
    which contribute to the matrix (Freeman, 1990).
      The second option would require access to a very narrow limit
    of physical properties within which all brains are maintained to
    generate consciousness and the experience of self-awareness.
    This factor would be primarily loaded by the variable of brain
    temperature. Although the relationship between absolute
    temperature and wavelength is generally clear [an example which
    can be described by Wien's law and is well documented in
    astrophysics (Wyatt, 1965)], the implications for access to
    brain activity have not been explored. The fragile
    neurocognitive processes that maintain consciousness and the
    sense of self normally exist between 308[degrees]K and
    312[degrees]K (35[degrees]C and 39[degrees]C). The fundamental
    wavelength associated with this emission is about 10 micrometers
    which is well within the long infrared wavelength.
       However, the ratio of this normal range divided by the
    absolute temperature for normal brain activity which maintains
    neurocognitive processes is only about 0.013
    (4[degrees]K/312[degrees]K) or 1.3%. If there were a subharmonic
    pattern in naturally occurring or technically generated magnetic
    fields which also reflected this ratio, then all brains which
    were operative within this temperature range could be affected
    by the harmonic. For example, if 11.3 Hz were one of these
    subharmonic electromagnetic frequencies, variations of only 1.3%
    of this mean, i.e., 11.3 Hz +/- [plus or minus] 0.1 Hz, would
    hypothetically be sufficient to affect the operations of all
    normal brains. If this "major carrier frequency" contained
    biorelevant information by being modulated in a meaningful way,
    then the effective intensities could well be within the natural
    range for background radiation (microwatts/cm2) and could be
    hidden as chaotic components within the electromagnetic noise
    associated with power generation and use.
       One of the major direct prophylactics to the effects of these
    fields would require alterations in core (brain) temperature
    such as deep but reversible hypothermia. However, this condition
    would disrupt the biochemical process upon which neuronal
    activity and hence consciousness depends. Treatments which
    precipitate alterations in neural activity, similar to those
    which are associated with crude hypothermia, would be less
    disruptive. Specific candidates which affect multiple receptor
    systems such as clozepine (Clozaril) and acepromazine could be
    possible pharmacological interventions.
       The characteristics of the algorithm for euthermic
    individuals are likely to be conspicuous (once isolated) but
    should now be hidden within the synchronous activity which is
    (1) modified and filtered by aggregates of neurons and (2)
    modulated by sensory inputs and intrinsic oscillations (Kepler,
    Marder, & Abbott, 1990) before they are crudely measured by
    electrodes. Because the fundamental algorithm would be
    essentially a stable parameter of body temperature, most
    electrode montages (including monopolar to a nonbrain reference,
    e.g., ear) would cancel or attenuate this index. Effectively,
    the algorithm would be expressed in a manner similar to
    descriptors for other aggregate phenomena as a physical constant
    or as a limited set of these constants. This suggestion is
    commensurate with the observation that the underlying neuronal
    networks which coordinate millions of neurons manifest the
    properties of a (mathematical) strange attractor with a very
    limited number of degrees of freedom (Lopes, Da Silva, Kamphuis,
    Van Neerven, & Pijn, 1990).
       The physical chemical evidence for a fundamental process,
    driven by a narrow limit of biological temperature, has been
    accumulating. Fixed, oscillatory electromagnetic variations have
    been shown _in_vitro_ for enzymes of the glycolytic pathway
    (Higgins, Frenkel, Hulme, Lucas, & Rangazas, 1973) whose narrow
    band of temperature sensitivity (around 37[degrees]C) is well
    known. Although these oscillations are often measured as periods
    (2.5-min. cycles), Ruegg (1973) reported a clear temperature
    dependence of these oscillations within a range of 1 to 20 Hz
    between 20[degrees]C and 35[degrees]C in invertebrate muscle.
       The most probable brain source which might serve as the
    primary modulatory of these biochemical oscillators would
    involve structures within the thalamus (Steriade & Deschenes,
    1984). Neuronal aggregates with surprisingly fixed (within
    0.1-Hz) oscillations are found within this structure and depend
    primarily upon neurons that require gamma amino butyric acid or
    GABA (von Krosigk, Bal, & McCormick, 1993). This inhibitory
    amino acid is specially derived from the normal,
    temperature-sensitive degradation of glucose by the GABA shunt
    (Delorey & Olsen, 1994).
       Within the last two decades (Persinger, Ludwig, & Ossenkopp,
    1973) a potential has emerged which was improbable but which is
    now marginally feasible. This potential is the technical
    capability to influence directly the major portion of the
    approximately six billion brains of the human species without
    mediation through classical sensory modalities by generating
    neural information within a physical medium within which all
    members of the species are immersed. The historical emergence
    of such possibilities, which have ranged from gunpowder to
    atomic fission, have resulted in major changes in the social
    evolution that occurred inordinately quickly after the
    implementation. Reduction of the risk of the inappropriate
    application of these technologies requires the continued and
    open discussion of their _realistic_ feasibility and
    implications within the scientific and public domain.

    REFERENCES

    Bancuad, J., Brunet-Bourgin, F., Chauvel, P., & Halgren, E.
      Anatomical origin of _deja_vu_ and vivid 'memories' in human
      temporal lobe epilepsy. _Brain_, 1994, 117, 71-90.

    Blackman, C.F., Bename, S.G., Rabinowitz, J.R., House, D.E.,
      & Joines, W.T. A role for the magnetic field in the
      radiation-induced efflux of ions from brain tissue _in_vitro_.
      _Bioelectromagnetics_, 1985, 6, 327-337.

    Brown, T.H., Chapman, P.F., Kairiss, E.W., & Keenan, C.L.,
      Long-term potentiation. _Science_, 1988, 242, 724-728.

    Cain, D.P. Excitatory neurotransmitters in kindling; excitatory
      amino acid, cholinergic and opiate mechanisms.
      _Neuroscience_and_Biobehavioral_Reviews_, 1989, 13, 269-276.

    Delorey, T.M., & Olsen, R.W. GABA and glycine. In G.J. Siegel,
      B.W. Agranoff, R.W. Albers, & P.B. Molinoff (Eds.), _Basic_
      _neurochemistry_. (5th ed.) New York: Raven, 1994. Pp.
      389-399.

    Edelman, G.M. _The_remembered_present:_a_biological_theory_of_
      consciousness_. New York; Basic Books, 1989.

    Fleming, J.L., Persinger, M.A., & Koren, S.A. One second per
      four second magnetic pulses elevate nociceptive thresholds:
      comparisons with opiate receptor compounds in normal and
      seizer-induced brain damaged rats. _Electro-_and_
      _Magnetobiology_, 1994, 13, 67-75.

    Freeman, W.J. On the fallacy of assigning an origin to
      consciousness. In E.R. John (Ed.), _Machinery_of_the_mind_.
      Boston, MA: Birkhauser, 1990. Pp. 14-26.

    Higgins, J., Frenkel, R., Hulme, E., Lucas, A., & Rangazas, G.
      The control theoretic approach to an analysis of glycolytic
      oscillators. In B. Chance, E.K. Pye, A.K. Ghosh, & B. Hess
      (Eds.), _Biological_and_biochemical_oscillators_. New York:
      Academic Press, 1973. Pp. 127-175.

    Jacobson, J.I. Pineal-hypothalamic tract meditation of
      picoTesla magnetic fields in the treatment of neurological
      disorders. _FASEB_Journal_, 1994, 8, A656.

    Jahn, R.G., & Dunne, B.J. _Margins_of_reality:_the_role_of_
      _consciousness_in_the_physical_world_. New York: Harcourt,
      Brace & Jovanovitch, 1987.

    John, E.R. _Mechanisms_of_memory_. New York: Academic Press,
      1967.

    John, E.R. Representations of information in the brain. In
      E.R. John (Ed.). _Machinery_of_the_mind_. Boston MA:
      Birkhauser, 1990. Pp. 27-56.

    Kepler, T.B., Marder, E., & Abbott, L.F. The effect of electrical
      coupling on the frequency of model neuronal oscillators.
      _Science_, 1990, 248, 83-85.

    Krosigk, M. von, Bal, T., & McCormick, D.A. Cellular mechanisms
      of a synchronized oscillation in the thalamus. _Science_, 1993,
      261, 361-364.

    Lerchl, A., Reiter R.J., Howes, K.A., Honaka, K.O., & Stokkan,
      K-A. Evidence that extremely low frequency Ca++ cyclotron
      resonance depresses pineal melatonin synthesis _in_vitro_.
      _Neuroscience_Letters_, 1991, 124, 213-215.

    Lopes, F.H., Da Silva, L., Kamphuis, W., Van Neerven, J.M.A.M.,
      & Pijn, P.M. Cellular and network mechanisms in the kindling
      model of epilepsy: the role of GABAnergic inhibition and the
      emergence of strange attractors. In E.R. John (Ed.),
      _Machinery_of_the_mind_. Boston, MA: Birkhauser, 1990. Pp.
      115-139.

    Ludwig, H.W. A hypothesis concerning the absorption mechanism of
      atmospherics in the nervous system. _International_Journal_of_
      _Biometeorology_, 1968, 12, 93-98.

    Persinger, M.A. A first approximation of satiation time:
      (IRT2/Rt). _Perceptual_and_Motor_Skills_, 1979, 49, 649-650.

    Persinger, M.A. The effects of transient and intense geomagnetic
      or related global perturbations upon human group behavior. In
      J.B. Calhoun (Ed.), _Perspectives_on_adaptation,_environment_
      _and_population_. New York: Praeger, 1983. Pp. 28-30.

    Persinger, M.A., & Lafreniere, G.F. _Space-time_transients_and_
      _unusual_events_. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall, 1977.

    Persinger, M.A., Ludwig, H.W. & Ossenkopp, K.P.
      Psychophysiological effects of extremely low frequency
      electromagnetic fields: a review. _Perceptual_and_Motor_
      _Skills_, 1973, 36, 1131-1159.

    Richards, P.M., Persinger, M.A., & Koren, S.A. Modification of
      activation and evaluation properties of narratives by weak
      complex magnetic field patterns that simulate limbic burst
      firing. _International_Journal_of_Neuroscience_, 1993, 71,
      71-85.

    Ruegg, J.C. Oscillating contractile structures from insect
      fibrillar muscle. In B. Chance, E.K. Pye, A.K. Ghosh, & B.
      Hess (Eds.), _Biological_and_biochemical_oscillators_. New
      York: Academic Press, 1973. Pp. 303-309.

    Sandyk, R. Successful treatment of multiple sclerosis with
      magnetic fields. _International_Journal_of_Neuroscience_,
      1992, 66, 237-250.

    Schiff, S.J., Jerger, D.H., Chang, T., Spano, M.L., & Ditto,
      W.L. Controlling chaos in the brain. _Nature_, 1994, 370,
      615-620.

    Sommerhoff, G. _Logic_of_the_living_brain_. New York: Wiley,
      1974.

    Squire, L.R. _Memory_and_the_brain_. New York: Oxford Univer.
      Press, 1987.

    Steriade, M., & Deschenes, M. The thalamus as a neuronal
      oscillator. _Brain_Research_Reviews_, 1984, 8, 1-63.

    Van Hoesen, G.W. The parahippocampal gyrus: new observations
      regarding its cortical connections in the monkey. _Trends_in_
      _the_Neurosciences_, 1982, 5, 340-345.

    Vinogradova, O.S. Functional organization of the limbic system
      in the process of registration of information: facts and
      hypotheses. In R.L. Isaacson & K.H. Pribram (Eds.), _The_
      _hippocampus_: Vol. 2. _Neurophysiology_and_behavior_. New
      York: Plenum, 1975. Pp. 3-69.

    Weaver, J.C., & Astumian, R.D. The response of living cells to
      very weak electric fields: the thermal noise limit. _Science_,
      1990, 247, 459-462.

    Wilson, B.W. Stevens, R.G., & Anderson, L.E. _Extremely_low_
      _frequency_electromagnetic_fields:_the_question_of_cancer_.
      Richland, WA: Battelle Press, 1990.

    Wyatt, S.P. _Principles_of_astronomy_. Boston, MA: Allyn &
      Bacon, 1965.

    Accepted March 15, 1995.

    Please send reprint requests and correspondence to Dr. M.A.
    Persinger, Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Laurentian,
    Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada.

    ----------------------------------------------------------------
    MindNet Journal Archive Filename: [mn165.txt]
    ================================================================

    To receive the MindNet Journal via email:

    Send message: [subscribe mindnet] to: .

    To unsubscribe:

    Send message: [unsubscribe mindnet] to: .

    Back issues of the MindNet Journal are available at our
    FTP Archive site:

     [/pub/users/vericomm/mindnet/]

    MindNet Journal Publication Index: [mnindex.txt]

    Submission of articles for publication within the MindNet
    Journal on the subjects of mind control, directed-energy
    weapons, non-lethal weapons, ritual abuse, UFO abductions,
    bioelectromagnetics, hypnosis, and other related topics
    will be accepted with the author's statement of permission
    to publish. The editor reserves the right to accept or
    reject for publication. The publisher disclaims all
    responsibility to return unsolicited matter. Send articles
    for submission to:

    , or VERICOMM BBS 510.891.0303, or VERICOMM,
    POB 32314, Oakland, CA 94604-2314 USA.

    VERICOMM / MindNet and its agents disclaim any and all
    responsibility or liability for any and all claims and/or
    guarantees, express or implied, and delivery of products,
    merchandise, and/or services offered for sale by
    advertisers and/or authors within the MindNet Journal.

    The MindNet mailing list is owned and maintained by Mike Coyle,
    , VERICOMM / MindNet, POB 32314 Oakland, CA
    94604-2314 USA.

    The MindNet Journal is published by VERICOMM / MindNet in
    cooperation with the Freedom Of Thought Foundation, POB 35072,
    Tucson, AZ 85740-5072 USA.

    ================================================================

    ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
    ||||  ||||  |      |       |  |      |      |   |   |   |   ||||
    |||||  ||  ||  |||||  |||  |  |  |||||  ||  |  | |  |  | |  ||||
    ||||||    |||  ,,,,|      ||  |  |||||  ||  |  |||  |  |||  ||||
    |||||||  ||||      |  |||  |  |      |      |  |||  |  |||  sm||
    ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
    ||||||||||||  VERICOMM / MindNet : MindNet@c2.org  |||||||||||||
    ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||