## Slamdunk

### A Tradition of Excellence
by Slamdunk
E-mail

I received a letter dated 8-5-2003 that stated that Slamdunk was dead

> IT was the summer of 1985, I was introduced to a woman 14 years my senior. She seemed nice enough took her and her friends at face value. It was 1985 I was 21 free white and single. Had a good job. Never had many friends because the folks moved a lot when I was growing up. You could say was the loner type was shy. Did the weekend warrior bit. Sex drugs rock roll baby.

> 14 years my senior it didn't take her long to make me believe she cared for and loved me. Moved in together by January 86.by march reality hit hard people she was a junky drug dealing bitch that was using me for MONEY!!!!!! And her mind games began. You know the I love I hate you game. Loved me on payday hated me after bills where paid get the f @#$ out!!!!!!!!!!!

> I like a dumb ass actually cared about her. Then on one of the love to hate you parade day?s real truth comes out. I found my self with a knife to my side and a gun pointed at me. With this is the real world here is my new boyfriend and we think you are going to stop back by every payday and give us all your money. (Every thing in the house was in my name all the bills.) As pissed as I was I made it perfectly clear that I didn?t owe them any money and hell would freeze over first. Last threat blabbed at me was you will or you will find yourself on the inside looking out at all the people staring in at you and you?ll be talking out the other side of your mouth then boy. At this point it?s January 1987.

> The big kick in the head begins. Not much rocket science from this point the bitch has friends in the hells angels. I never met or associated with any of these people then the defecation hits the rotary oscillator. I?m laying in bed almost asleep and a noticeable sound comes from the window half a sleep I started to ignore it then absolutely some one is trying to come through the window so I grab the shot gun cocked it the person hesitated and then proceeded to continue into my bedroom window and I said real clear I hope you believe in Jesus and I pulled the trigger. (Actually missed the person because it all happened in seconds) but they where asshole and shoe sole then I heard as clearly as someone standing next to you could say maybe he killed his self and we won?t have too.

> The next few months are strange, people walking up making unusual comments innuendo?s derogatory remarks. Sometime in late 1987 these exact words start being blabbered at me as I sat in My bedroom 27 people got busted Bobby their the hells angels Bobby as soon as they get back your dead boy.
> The Iran contra affairs are all over the news. And for the next 18 months every moment is filled with those words being blabbered over and over 27 people have been busted Bobby their the hells angels Bobby as soon as they get back your dead boy. Weird as hell right in my ear.

> January 1988.

> Came home from work still working shift work turned on the television Shirley McClain and midnight Julie brown from mtv fame where his guests watching the Johnny Carson show they announce a special addition to the show and five Harley Davidson?s get shown great big red and white one in front thought I was losing my mind because it seemed like they where talking directly to me. Only it was like they where talking directly to what I was thinking. Thought for sure I had lost it and was going to the funny farm. (Still had the asshole blabbering in my ear 27 people got busted Bobby they?re the hells angels Bobby as soon as they get back your dead boy) Then in between where going to buy your ass boy our friends are going to throw everything in the country at you boy so the blame won?t come back on us. No matter what you say no matter where you go no matter what you read no matter how long it takes we?ll get you boy. (Remember I had never met any of these people in my life)

> Show up at work (worked shift work at the time) got my coveralls from my locker walked to the control room found it reeking of kerosene put on my coveralls the guy I am relieving wants to give me the change over conditions of the plant in the smoke shack get to the smoke shack and couldn?t shake the smell of that kerosene. F!@# bastard tries to light me on fire. The look in his eye?s when he realized he would go with me and the simple fact that a cigarette wouldn?t light the fire.
> (Grace of god).

> It took 15 years of eye witnessing hearing being screwed over to obtain all of these things. 24 hours a day 7 days a week 365 days a year. For 15 years.

> Every channel on television CNN, NBC, CBS, FOX NEW, ABC the worst of them all for making comments to what I thought every moment of the day and night every radio station. Complete and total strangers making comments about what I did in my own home. What I had only thought. That every day reminder when I would think about my own troubles a long very prominent beeeeeeeeeep with the feeling that a wave had passed through my head and one side of my hearing would go deaf for a second or two. A very physical sensation. And someone half a foot away wouldn?t hear it.

> That voice never ending in my ear boy you had better do this or that or we?ll kill your children boy. Where going to kill you. You f!@# up boy. Every kind of screwed up accusation and threat imaginable non-stop 24/7/365. No help will ever come if you tell anyone they think your crazy if you confront those doing it they will lie and say they don?t know what your talking about and they made it perfectly clear that if you speak up they will just make defamatory statements about your character and remind you what they made you do while you where being tortured that they will use these things to embarrass and discredit you.

> They only have one thing in mind save their own ass not yours they are out to destroy your life period. They will never stop. They do not care what happens to you or your family. The federal government wont lifts a finger to stop them.

> Big drugs, big business, big politicians are all buddies.

> Where do big drugs launder their money, in and with big business? What elects the politicians big business. Who controls the media?( Why for power) who pays the media big entertainment industry moguls ( any questions)

The first document came off the department of defense web site under jcs links (joint chiefs of staff) since has been removed and any inquiry concerning neurosciences will only bring up bio-systems concerning chem. War fare.

UNCLASSIFIED RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit)
DATE February 2000
APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY
RDT&E, Defense-wide
BA1 Basic Research
R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
Defense Research Sciences
PE 0601101E, R-1 #2

COST (In Millions) | FY1999 | FY2000 | FY2001 | FY2002 | FY2003 | FY2004 | FY2005 | Cost To Complete | Total
Total Program Element (PE) Cost | 57.369 | 67.608 | 90.415 | 94.263 | 94.398 | 96.259 | 96.118 | Continuing |
Information Sciences CCS-02 | 12.184 | 19.200 | 38.386 | 40.593 | 40.700 | 40.700 | 45.700 | Continuing | Continuing
Electronic Sciences ES-01 | 19.662 | 21.761 | 17.498 | 19.743 | 22.645 | 30.506 | 36.365 | Continuing | Continuing
Materials Sciences MS-01 | 25.523 | 26.647 | 34.531 | 33.927 | 31.053 | 25.053 | 14.053 | Continuing | Continuing

(U) Mission Description:
(U) The Defense Research Sciences Program Element is budgeted in the Basic Research Budget Activity because it provides the technical Foundation for long-term improvements through the discovery of new phenomena and the exploration of the potential of such phenomena for National security applications. It supports the scientific study and experimentation that is the basis for more advanced knowledge and understanding in information, electronic and materials sciences.

(U) The Information Sciences project supports basic scientific study and experimentation in information sciences technology areas such as computational models, new mechanisms for performing computation and communication integrating biological and information processes, innovative approaches to the composition of software, and novel human computer interface technologies. At the intersection of biology and information technology, this project will explore scientific study and experimentation emphasizing biological software, computations based on biological materials, physical interfaces between electronics and biology, and interactive biology.

(U) Mission Description:
(U) This project supports scientific study and experimentation that is the basis for more advanced knowledge and understanding in information sciences technology areas related to long-term national security requirements such as computational models and new mechanisms for performing computation and communication integrating biological and information processes. This project is also exploring innovative approaches to the composition of software and novel human computer interface technologies.

UNCLASSIFIED RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit)
DATE February 2000
APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY
RDT&E, Defense-wide
BA1 Basic Research
R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
Defense Research Sciences
PE 0601101E, Project CCS-02
(U) Advances in cognitive neuroscience make it possible for us to be able to interface biological systems with computer systems. In turn these will be used to develop new modalities of human computer interfaces including augmentation of memory and spatial reasoning capabilities. In the area of human computer interfaces the project will study information management, interface technologies and their relationship to cognitive processes.

UNCLASSIFIED RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit) DATE February 2000
APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY
RDT&E, Defense-wide
BA1 Basic Research
R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
Defense Research Sciences PE 0601101E, Project ES-01
· Terahertz Technology. ($ 2.099 Million)
- Explored technologies for a region of the electromagnetic spectrum (300 Ghz to 10 Thz, 1 mm to 30 micrometer) that has previously been difficult to access using conventional technologies, in order to exploit opportunities in environmental sensing, upper-atmosphere imagery and covert satellite communications

( 1 of 1 )

United States Patent 5,687,291
Smyth November 11, 1997
Method and apparatus for estimating a cognitive decision made in response to a known stimulus from the corresponding single-event evoked cerebral potential
Abstract

The present invention estimates the cognitive decision made in response to a known stimulus from the corresponding single-event evoked cerebral potential. The present invention uses a unique recursive procedure to identify the decision from a mathematical description of the potential as the output of a cerebrally located, autoregressive, moving average filter with the stimulus as an exogenous input. The procedure employs in a two-step sequence, the least squares algorithm to update the filter coefficients, followed by a Taylor's Series approximation for updating an internal cerebral source signal which is generated in response to the external stimulus. The recursive procedure computes the attenuation used by the moving average component of the filter to produce the cerebral source signal. This procedure is repeated for all feasible cerebral source signals, computed from the set of possible event evoked average response potentials, to produce a set of attenuator-values. These values are then used as input to a multiple-layered, feed-forward artificial neural network for identifying the decision made from the set of feasible responses. In turn, the power spectrum computed from the autoregressive coefficients is used to track the cognitive state and therefore the reliability of the decision estimate. The present invention may be used for the control by mental thought of computerized visual and aural display functions, by measuring the electroencephalogram in time with the operant orientation of the user onto a displayed stimulus.
Inventors: Smyth; Christopher C. (Fallston, MD)
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army (Washington, DC)
Appl. No.: 675329
Filed: June 27, 1996
IT WILL NEVER STOP THESE PEOPLE ARE PROTECTED AND YOU ARE NOT!!!!!!
Their death or yours the only way out. No not at all. all of us getting together and staring back side by side isolation keeps you under there thumb.
SCAPEGOAT #1
B. Duncan

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE BUDGET FOR FY 2001 Federation of American Scientists

#### UNCLASSIFIED
RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit)
DATE February 2000
APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY

RDT&E, Defense-wide BA1 Basic Research
R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
Defense Research Sciences
PE 0601101E, R-1 #2
COST (In Millions) FY 1999 FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2004 FY2005 Cost To Complete Total Cost
Total Program Element (PE) Cost 57.369 67.608 90.415 94.263 94.398 96.259 96.118 Continuing Continuing
Information Sciences CCS-02 12.184 19.200 38.386 40.593 40.700 40.700 45.700 Continuing Continuing
Electronic Sciences ES-01 19.662 21.761 17.498 19.743 22.645 30.506 36.365 Continuing Continuing
Materials Sciences MS-01 25.523 26.647 34.531 33.927 31.053 25.053 14.053 Continuing Continuing

(U) Mission Description:
(U) The Defense Research Sciences Program Element is budgeted in the Basic Research Budget Activity because it provides the technical foundation for long-term improvements through the discovery of new phenomena and the exploration of the potential of such phenomena for national security applications. It supports the scientific study and experimentation that is the basis for more advanced knowledge and understanding in information, electronic and materials sciences.

(U) The Information Sciences project supports basic scientific study and experimentation in information sciences technology areas such as computational models, new mechanisms for performing computation and communication integrating biological and information processes, innovative approaches to the composition of software, and novel human computer interface technologies. At the intersection of biology and information technology, this project will explore scientific study and experimentation emphasizing biological software, computations based on biological materials, physical interfaces between electronics and biology, and interactive biology.

(U) Mission Description: (U) This project supports scientific study and experimentation that is the basis for more advanced knowledge and understanding in information sciences technology areas related to long-term national security requirements such as computational models and new mechanisms for performing computation and communication integrating biological and information processes. This project is also exploring innovative approaches to the composition of software and novel human computer interface technologies.

#### UNCLASSIFIED
RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit)
DATE February 2000
APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY

RDT&E, Defense-wide
BA1 Basic Research
R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
Defense Research Sciences
PE 0601101E, Project CCS-02

(U) Advances in cognitive neuroscience make it possible for us to be able to interface biological systems with computer systems. In turn these will be used to develop new modalities of human computer interfaces including augmentation of memory and spatial reasoning capabilities. In the area of human computer interfaces the project will study information management, interface technologies and their relationship to cognitive processes.

#### UNCLASSIFIED
RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit)
DATE February 2000
APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY

RDT&E, Defense-wide
BA1 Basic Research
R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
Defense Research Sciences
PE 0601101E, Project ES-01
· Terahertz Technology. ($ 2.099 Million)

- Explored technologies for a region of the electromagnetic spectrum (300 Ghz to 10 Thz, 1 mm to 30 micrometer) that has previously been difficult to access using conventional technologies, in order to exploit opportunities in environmental sensing, upper-atmosphere imagery and covert satellite communications.

S-114.740 Biological Human-Machine Interfaces HUT / Units / LCE / Teaching / S-114.740
Kevät 2002, Spring 2002 (2 ov, L)
Vastaava opettaja - Teacher
dos. Christina M. Krause
Sisältö - Description of the course

Computer technology and knowledge of human brain functioning and cognition have advanced markedly in the last 20 years. Recently, attempts have been made to tie the nervous system to external electronic circuits and the results may provide one means for effortless communication with computers. Such work is already of great importance for people with devastating neuromuscular diseases, offering them a possibility to communicate by means of brain-computer interfaces. Basic and applied research as well as the development of biological human-computer interfaces are closely linked.

The aim of this seminar series is to familiarize the participants with different types of measurable biological signals and to understand how these can be utilized in human-machine interaction.

The seminars will be held in either Finnish or English, depending on the participants.

Suorittaminen - Course requirements

Participation at the seminars, reading literature and a presentation at the seminar.

Kirjallisuus - Literature · Will be given at the seminars.

Aikataulu - Schedule

The seminars will be held on wednesdays at 12-14. (Miestentie 3, 4th. floor). Date Who Topic
16.1. C.M. Krause Introduction, presentation of material
23.1. Presentation 1 The nature and origin of biological signals
30.1. Presentation 2 The concept of biofeedback
6.2. Presentation 3 Animal studies on biological signals
13.2. Presentation 4 Limb prostheses
20.2. Presentation 5 HCI: Human-Computer Interface
27.2. Presentation 6 BCI: BCI, brain-Computer Interfaces and ABI, adaptive brain computer interfaces
6.3. Presentation 7 Closing and summary of the seminar serier
Ilmoittautumiset ja lisätietoja - Registration and Further information Christina M. Krause email: krause@lce.hut.fi

This page has been updated 04.01.2002
URL:http://www.lce.hut.fi/teaching/S-114.740/

> What´s going on right now? (Current Research) Background:

> My main interest is brain electric oscillations and their significance for human information processing. Recently, the role of brain electric oscillations in association with human information processing has been intensively discussed and it has been argued that distributed theta, alpha and gamma oscillatory systems might act as resonant communication networks through large populations of neurons, with functional relations to memory and integrative functions For example, episodic memory processes have been associated with oscillations within the 4-8 Hz EEG frequency range , 8-10 Hz alpha activity has been observed to be modulated as a function of attentional demands and 10-12 Hz alpha activity has been reported to be modulated by stimulus-related aspects, and/or semantic memory processes One way to assess the stimulus-related responses of different EEG frequency bands is the so-called Event-Related Desynchronization (ERD) and Synchronization (ERS) - analysis of the EEG. ERD is defined as the phasic relative amplitude decrease whereas ERS denotes the phasic relative increase in amplitude of a defined frequency band occurring in relation to an event. Recent studies on auditorily elicited ERD/ERS responses during cognitive processes have demonstrated that it is possible to assess characteristic changes in brain electric oscillatory activity associated with auditory memory processes. Auditory encoding typically elicits alpha ERS whereas alpha ERD is evoked during memory retrieval and during comparative mental processes In the theta frequency range (4-8 Hz), auditory encoding usually elicits an early appearing ERS (~100-400 ms after stimulus onset). Also retrieval elicits theta ERS which is usually of greater magnitude than the ERS evoked by encoding . Such observations are encouraging: the auditorily elicited ERD/ERS responses of narrow EEG frequencies can be utilized to study how auditory information is stored and retrieved from memory. Recently, this technique has also been employed to reveal subtle alterations in the cortical basis for memory processes (see my list of publications).

> These days:
> At present, I am a senior researcher at the Laboratory of Computational Engineering at the Helsinki University of Technology. This laboratory is one of the Finnish Centres of Excellence Programmes (2000-2005) assigned by the Academy of Finland. I am working in the research group of Cognitive Science and Technology. The aim of this research group is to by means of various methods, including behavioral, psychophysiological and computational, to unravel the mystery of human perception and cognition. Of special interest is the integration of auditory and visual information in the human brain. By means of the EEG and MEG we are trying to assess the biological processes in the central nervous system underlying multimodal perception. Of personal interest is, of course, the role of brain electric oscillations in mediating such processes. Because of the technical knowledege, the Laboratory of Computational Engineering offers excellent possiblities for advanced signal analysis, highly necessary for up-to-date EEG analyses.

> For a detailed description of the projects at the laboratory, please visit the home-pages of the different projects.

> THE ROLE OF BRAIN ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS IN COGNITIVE PROCESSING
> 1. Background

> The nineties have been called the "Decade of the Brain", making the brain perhaps the only organ that has a decade dedicated to it. Numerous novel methods of brain research have flourished in the brain and cognitive sciences, increasing our knowledge of the ways in which the human brain processes information. Experimental studies utilizing both neurophysiological (EEG; electroencephalogram) and neuroimaging (fMRI; functional magnetic resonance imaging, PET; positron emission tomography) techniques in association with cognitive processing have provided an opportunity to approach brain-behavior relationships in a more direct and empirical manner than ever before (Klimesch et al., 1990; Canli et al., 1998; Fernández et al., 1998). Although being one of the oldest psychophysiological investigation methods, EEG is characterized by a superb time resolution makes it highly effective especially for studying the temporal arrangement of brain processes.

> The EEG consists of several simultaneous oscillations which have traditionally been subdivided in frequency bands such as theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (about 14-30 Hz) and gamma (around 40 Hz). It has been proposed that different neural generators would be involved in the propagation of different EEG oscillations (Fernández et al., 1998). For example, hippocampal neural activity seems to be reflected as oscillations within the theta frequency band (~4-8 Hz) (Burgess et al., 1997; Klimesch, 1996; Klimesch, 1999) while the alpha rhythm (~8-12 Hz) is generated mainly by corticocortical and thalamocortical neural networks (Steriade et al., 1990; Klimesch et al., 1994; Klimesch, 1997). During stimulation, the simultaneously recorded responses of different EEG frequency bands differ from each other (Klimesch et al., 1997; Pfurtscheller et al., 1992b; Steriade et al., 1990), and reflect different cognitive and/or mental processes or states (Boiten et al., 1992; Klimesch et al., 1994; Klimesch, 1996; Klimesch et al., 1998a; Dumont et al., 1999). E.g., working memory processes seem to be reflected as oscillations within the EEG theta frequencies (~4-8 Hz) ( Klimesch et al., 1997; Klimesch, 1999), 8-10 Hz alpha activity seems to be modulated as a function of attentional demands (Klimesch et al., 1992) and oscillations around 10-12 Hz are modulated mainly by stimulus-related aspects and/or semantic memory processes (Klimesch et al., 1994; Klimesch, 1996; Klimesch et al., 1998b).

> Event-Related Desynchronization (ERD) and Synchronization (ERS) - analysis of the EEG is one way to assess the stimulus-related responses of different EEG frequencies (Aranibar et al., 1978; Pfurtscheller et al., 1977). ERD is defined as the phasic relative amplitude decrease whereas ERS denotes the phasic relative increase in amplitude of a defined frequency band occurring in relation to an event (Pfurtscheller, 1992). By means of ERD/ERS, investigators have been able to detect characteristic changes in brain electric oscillatory activity during various cognitive and attentional tasks in the visual, motor, and recently also in the auditory stimulus modality (e.g., Klimesch et al., 1996; Klimesch et al., 1997; Klimesch et al., 1988; Klimesch et al., 1994; Pfurtscheller et al., 1991; Pfurtscheller et al., 1988; Pfurtscheller et al., 1979; Schulter et al., 1990; Pfurtscheller et al., 1992a; Klimesch et al., 1988; Van Wimsum et al., 1984; Klimesch et al., 1990; Klimesch et al., 1992; Dujardin et al., 1993; Karrasch et al., 1998; Krause et al., 1994; 1995; 1996; 1997; 1999). As the EEG, also the ERD/ERS is characterized by a very good time resolution and additionally by a very high reliability (Burgess et al., 1996). Auditorily elicited ERD/ERS has mainly been studied by Krause and co-workers (Karrasch et al., 1998; Krause et al., 1994; 1995; 1996; 1997; 1998; 1999a; 1999b; Krause, 1999; Lähteenmäki et al., 1999). The studies conducted by Krause and co-workers have shown that the ERD/ERS elicited by complex auditory stimulation is associated with cognitive processes such as memory functions and conscious stimulus discrimination rather than with primary auditory processing per se. Krause and co-workers have demonstrated that the auditorily elicited ERD/ERS is very suitable for studying cortical correlates of "higher-level" auditory information processing.

> Human cognition represents the highest and most creative level of information processing. It should be noted that very little is still known about the exact mechanisms how information is stored and accessed in the human brain (Klimesch, 1997). It has been proposed that brain electric oscillations would be of fundamental importance for mediating these "higher-level" processes (Jensen et al., 1996a; 1996b; 1996c; Klimesch et al., 1999; Klimesch, 1994). 1.2. Previous findings on auditorily elicited ERD/ERS by Christina M. Krause and co-workers

> In 1996, Krause et al. (1996) reported that auditory memory encoding was accompanied by a strong enhancement of oscillatory EEG alpha activity (ERS) whereas ERD was observed during memory scanning. Krause et al. (1996) suggested that the observed alpha ERD/ERS responses were associated with auditory memory processes, not with primary auditory processing. In 1995 Krause et al. (1995) replicated the previous experiment with instrument sounds and observed significant differences between the ERD/ERS elicited by vowels and tones. The ERD/ERS responses elicited by auditory stimulation were thus found to be sensitive to auditory memory processes and stimulus type.

> In 1997, Krause et al. (1997) reported that 10-12 Hz ERD was elicited by listening to and memorizing a text. In contrast, ERS was elicited when subjects listened to the same text presented backward. No significant ERD/ERS responses were observed in the lower alpha frequency band (8-10 Hz). In 1998, Karrasch et al. (1998) investigated cortical correlates of auditory lexical decision-making (words or pseudowords) by means of ERD/ERS. It was observed that the presentation of an auditory stimulus, regardless of its lexicality, elicited ERS whereas ERD was elicited during the lexical decision- making task (comparison). This ERD was modulated significantly depending on whether the preceding stimulus was a word or a pseudoword: brain oscillatory responses in the alpha frequency range differed, depending on the lexicality of the material to be kept in memory, such that real words resulted in greater ERD than pseudowords, most probably due to semantic activation.

> In 1999, Krause et al. (1999) reported of changes in brain oscillatory activity related to auditory semantic matching of concrete vs. abstract words. It was observed that the presentation of the first stimulus elicited ERS, regardless of its semantic type. The presentation of the second stimulus elicited ERD, especially in the 10-12 Hz frequency band, being modulated by the semantic content of the preceding stimulus with concrete words eliciting greater ERD. Krause et al. (1999) suggested that concrete and abstract concepts might be mediated in the brain through different oscillatory neural networks, reflected as distinct patterns of ERD/ERS which were observed most prominently during the cognitive (matching) task.

> In a first attempt to utilize the auditorily elicited ERD/ERS in a clinical population, Lähteenmäki et al. (1999) employed this technique to examine psychophysiological correlates of impaired attention and memory function after the treatment of childhood cancer. Lähteenmäki et al. (1999) reported that after leukemia treatment, significant alterations were observed in the ERD/ERS responses, especially in the 8-10 Hz frequency band during auditory information encoding. The findings by Lähteenmäki et al. (1999) might shed some light on the neural aspects of the attentional and learning difficulties often reported after the treatment of childhood cancer. Lähteenmäki et al. (1999) suggested that the information-processing problems might be most prominent during the encoding phase.

> Krause et al. (submitted, a) examined the ERD/ERS responses of the 4-6, 6-8, 8- 10 and 10-12 Hz frequency bands while the subjects were performing an auditory memory task with three types of emotion-related stimuli: aggressive, depressive and neutral. The results demonstrated that in the theta frequency range (4-6 and 6-8 Hz), the responses elicited by different emotion-related verbs differed as a function of time and cognitive task (encoding vs. retrieval). In the alpha frequencies (8-10 and 10-12 Hz), the retrieval of aggressive and depressive verbs elicited ERD, especially over the right hemisphere. Thus, dissociations between the neural correlates of the encoding and retrieval of different types of emotion-related auditory stimuli were observed in brain electric oscillatory activity. Similar findings were found in an experiment where subjects viewed violent, sad and neutral film clips (Krause et al., submitted, b).

> Krause et al. (under preparation, a) also examined the effects of working memory load on the ERD/ERS, by means of a visual sequential letter task in which memory load was varied from zero to two (the so-called n-back task). Preliminary analyses revealed that in the lower EEG frequencies (4-8 Hz) a frontal synchronization (ERS) was observed, being most prominent for targets (items to be identified) whereas the alpha frequency ERD/ERS responses were modulated significantly by memory load. Such findings are encouraging: they provide evidence that different frequencies within the EEG can be associated with specific cognitive processes.

> Recently, Krause et al. (under preparation, b) examined the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by a cellular phone on the ERD/ERS of the 4-6 Hz, 6-8 Hz, 8-10 Hz and 10-12 Hz EEG frequency bands while subjects were performing an auditory working memory task. The exposure to EMF significantly increased EEG power but only in the 8-10 Hz frequency band. Nonetheless, the presence of EMF altered the ERD/ERS responses in all studied frequency bands as a function of time and cognitive task (memory encoding vs. retrieval). It was observed that the exposure to EMF seems not to alter the EEG per se but modifies the brain responses significantly during information processing. The exposure to EMF might thus have a significant influence on neural oscillatory systems, especially when information is being processed.

> At best, with the funding of the Academy of Finland (1998-2000), data has been and is being gathered from several experiments focusing on auditory memory processes. Clinical studies with the auditorily elicited ERD/ERS have recently begun in patients suffering from Parkinson´s disease (pilot study), Alzheimer´s disease (data being gathered), autism (pilot study), Aspergers syndrome (pilot study), schizophrenia (data being gathered), first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients (data being gathered), major depression (data being gathered) and sleep disorders (data being gathered). Also, the effects of small doses of alcohol on the cognitive processing of different emotion-related stimuli are under investigation (data being gathered). The first results from these recent experiments have inspired and driven to the experimental plans described in this research propoasl for years 2000-2005. 1.3. Academic theses carried out in this research group

> This research group, led by the present author, has earlier (1993-1996 and 1998- 2000) been financed by the Academy of Finland (projects 7338 and 42536) and has resulted in five masters theses [Mira Karrasch, ÅA, 1997 (psychology), Marko Lehto, TY, 1996 (statistics), Bodil Pörn, ÅA, 1996 (mathematics), Teresia Åström, ÅA, 1998 (psychology), Joakim Jäntti, ÅA, 1999 (psychology)] two licentiate theses [Christina M. Krause, ÅA, 1995 (psychology), Mirjami Eklund, TY, 1997 (medicine)] and two doctoral theses [Christina M. Krause, ÅA, 1996 (psychology), Päivi Lähteenmäki, TY, 1999 (medicine)].

> 2. The aims of the project for 2000-2005 Except for those studies conducted in years 1993-1999 by the research group led by Christina M. Krause, ERD/ERS has not been studied in association with complex auditory stimulation. The aim of the present project is to continue examining and exploring the role of brain electric oscillations in association with auditory information processing. The results of the present project will be of international interest. The purpose of the present project is to experimentally illuminate the relationships between brain electric oscillations and auditory information processing, auditory memory processes, attention, learning and emotions. Additionally, the functional differences between the ERD/ERS responses of different EEG frequencies will be surveyed and clinical implications of the auditorily elicited ERD/ERS will be examined further. The aims of this projct will be described in detail below. 2.1.Temporal integration of auditory information and brain electric oscillations

> Speaking and understanding speech are the results of complex processes in the central nervous system and in the speech organs. The neural mechanisms underlying the processes through which a thought becomes understandable speech, and we understand speech, are still largely a matter of debate. In addition, the more abstract the content of speech becomes, the less we know about the neural mechanisms underlying it. Successful communication through speech requires a rapid and adequate production and analysis of temporal information. Brain oscillations have been suggested to function as the "messenger" of the brain: Different frequencies might reflect simultaneously operating aspects of auditory information processing. The purpose of this study is to utilize the good time resolution of the ERD/ERS technique in order to assess how, and when various types (and contents) of auditory information are stored, retrieved and integrated in the human brain. Hopefully, the findings will also shed some additional light on language functions in altered brain states such as in specific language impairment or autism, in which especially the temporal processing of speech and auditory information processing have been reported to be aberrant.

> 2.2. Auditory vs. visual information processing and brain electric oscillations The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences and/or similarities between the visual and auditory information processing systems as revealed by brain electric oscillations. Differences in information storage and retrieval in these two modalities will be explored by means of cross-modal experiments. Of particular interest will be the way how information from different sensory modalities is integrated in the human brain. We hypothesize that if certain categories of information (e.g., abstract, concrete, aggressive, depressive) are indeed represented and processed in the human brain as oscillations at specific frequency bands, then these oscillations might also function as information mediator between the visual and auditory modalities.

> 2.3. Auditory memory processes and brain electric oscillations Although we know that different EEG frequencies respond differently to different types of auditory information, this study is aimed at further clarifying the exact functions of different EEG frequencies in association with auditory information processing. Of interest will be how brain electric oscillations, and at which specific frequencies, correspond to auditory memory storage vs. retrieval. Additionally, this study will focus experimentally on brain electric oscillations while "something goes wrong", i.e., when information is not stored efficiently or cannot be retrieved.

> 2.4. The effects of memory load and other factors on brain electric oscillations The term working memory refers to a system which is involved in the transient storage and manipulation of information that is being needed during the performance of cognitive tasks. We know that an increase in memory load as well as in task difficulty alters brain oscillatory activity especially in the alpha frequency range (~8-12 Hz). However, there are also other, both external and internal factors which affect memory/task performance. How do such "distractors" affect attention and memory-related processes at the neural level? This should be possible to examine experimentally, by means of investigating brain oscillatory activity. The purpose is to try to clarify how various external and internal factors (e.g., information overload, multiple tasks, stress etc.) affect cognitive processes at the biological, i.e., neural level. A better understanding of such mechanisms might lead to better insight into possible facilitators and distractors of cognitive processing.

> 2.5. Affective neuroscience and brain electric oscillatory activity The term "affective neuroscience" refers to the study of the neural basis of emotions. Recently, many reports on the neural correlates of human emotions have been published and all of these confirm that emotions can be examined through modern brain imaging techniques, including EEG (Aftanas et al., 1996a; Aftanas et al., 1996b; Canli et al., 1998). Recently, Krause et al. (submitted, a) observed differences between the ERD/ERS responses for different emotion- related stimuli (aggressive vs. depressive). It is well known that emotions affect cognitive functioning, but the exact mechanisms remain to be discovered (Panksepp, 1998). The aim of the present study is to examine how emotional context or state affects and alters the neural correlates of cognitive processes (e.g., learning, memory encoding, decision making, retrieval from memory etc.), by means of examining the ERD/ERS responses of several narrow EEG frequency bands. If different EEG frequencies are generated in different brain areas, then it should be possible to determine through which brain areas certain emotion-related representations affect cognitive processes. The excellent time resolution of the ERD/ERS technique additionally enables the study of temporal differences in brain oscillatory activity elicited by various emotion-related concepts. We hope that the results might help us to learn more about the biological basis of information processing deficits in, e.g., mood disorders such as depression and thought disorders evident in schizophrenia.

> 2.6. Clinical implications of ERD/ERS This project will also continue with the already initiated investigations in patients suffering from Alzheimer´s disease, Parkinson´s disease, schizophrenia, memory alterations following childhood epilepsy, autism and depression. Pilot studies have showed that the auditorily elicited ERD/ERS can reveal subtle alterations in brain oscillatory activity in the abovementioned clinical populations. The aim is to reveal typical alterations in brain oscillatory activity in the abovementioned patient groups (such as slowing of the EEG, dysfunction and functional changes in brain oscillatory activity) during information processing and examine how the observed alterations are correlated with neuropsychological measures. The ERD/ERS technique has not previously been utilized for studying cortical correlates of atypical information processing in these clinical populations. The results will shed some light on the functional neural background underlying impaired information processing in neuropsychiatric conditions.

> 2.7. Learning and forgetting as mediated by brain electric oscillations At present, little is known about the mechanisms how information is processed and stored in the human brain. For example, the neural mechanisms underlying memories are still unknown. Brain electric oscillations have been proposed to have a central role in mediating cognitive processes. The purpose of this study is to gain new insights into the possible relationships between brain electric oscillations, memories, learning and forgetting. For this purpose, different experimental memory tasks will be designed.

> 2.8. Normal aging, memory processes and brain electric oscillations Normal aging is often accompanied by mental changes. For instance, there is a decline in the ability to retain a large body of information over a long period of time, visuospatial abilities become impaired and general intelligence declines somewhat after the sixties (Goldman et al., 1991). Several changes occur also in the brain: there are reductions in the receptors for dopamine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Age-related alterations in the synthesis and degradation of certain neurotransmitters and their receptors have been thought to be responsible for some of the alterations in, e.g., mood and memory. The objective of this study is to investigate how normal aging and consequent alterations in memory processes are reflected in brain oscillatory activity. The aim is also to assess the possible functional changes in task-related brain oscillatory activity in normal aging.

> 2.9. The source of brain electric oscillations The future of the EEG lies in the coupling of digital methods of signal analysis and of brain image processing. Most probably, different neural generators are involved in the generation of different EEG oscillations. By means of the EEG, however, it is impossible to determine the origin of the signal in a detailed fashion. Although animal studies have given some suggestions on the possible generators of different EEG rhythms, these studies cannot answer on issues regarding the role of different EEG oscillations in association with higher mental capacities in humans. The purpose of this study is to investigate the generators of different EEG rhythms in relation to cognitive processing by means of fMRI and MEG at the Helsinki University of Technology. In humans, it might be the case that one brain area is able to oscillate at many different frequencies, depending both on brain state and the cognitive process it is reacting to.

> 3. Collaboration Scientific collaboration at senior level includes the following researchers: Professor Heikki Hämäläinen, Department of Psychology, University of Turku; Dr. Irma Holopainen, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku; Dr. Antti Revonsuo, Department of Philosophy, University of Turku; Dr. Tero Taiminen, Department of Psychiatry, Turku Hospital; Professor emeritus Heikki A Lang, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Turku; Dr Pirjo Korpilahti, Department of Phonetics, University of Helsinki; Dr. Matti Laine, Academy of Finland, Departments of Psychology and Neurology, University of Turku; Dr. Vappu Viemerö, Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University; Professor Juha Rinne, Department of Neurology and the National PET-Center, University of Turku.

> REFERENCES

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> - Klimesch W, Doppelmayr M, Schimke H, Ripper B (1997) Theta synchronization and alpha desynchronization in a memory task. Psychophysiol., 34: 169-176.
> - Klimesch W, Russegger H, Doppelmayr M, Pachinger T (1998a) Induced and evoked band power changes in an oddball task. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 108: 123-130.
> - Klimesch W, Doppelmayr M, Russegger H, Pachinger T, Schwaiger J (1998b) Induced alpha band power changes in the human EEG and attention. Neurosci. Lett., 244: 73-76.
> - Klimesch W, Doppelmayr M, Schwaiger J, Auinger P, Winkler Th (1999) "Paradoxical" alpha synchronization in a memory task. Cog. Brain Res., 7: 493-501.
> - Krause, C.M. (1999) Event-related EEG changes during auditory processing. In: G. Pfurtscheller and F.H. Lopes da Silva (Eds.) Event-Related Desynchronization - Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
> - Krause, C.M., Lang, A.H., Laine, M., Helle, S., Kuusisto, M., Pörn, B. (1994) Event-related desynchronization evoked by auditory stimuli. Brain Topogr., 7: 107-112.
> - Krause, C.M., Lang, A.H., Laine, M., Kuusisto, M., Pörn, B. (1995) Cortical processing of vowels and tones as measured by event-related desynchronization. Brain Topogr., 8: 47-56.
> - Krause, C.M., Lang, A.H., Laine, M., Kuusisto, M., Pörn, B. (1996) Event- related EEG desynchronization and synchronization during an auditory memory task. Electroenceph. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 98: 319-326.
> - Krause, C.M., Pörn, B., Lang, A.H., Laine, M. (1997) Relative alpha desynchonization and synchronization during speech perception. Cog. Brain Res., 5: 295-299.
> - Krause, C.M., Korpilahti, P., Pörn, B., Jäntti, J., Lang, A.H. (1998) Automatic auditory word perception as measured by 40 Hz EEG responses. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 107: 84-87.
> - Krause, C.M., Pörn, B., Lang, A.H., Laine, M. (1999a) Event-related desynchronization and synchronization during perception of music. Scand. J Psychol., 40: 209-215.
> - Krause, CM, Åström T, Karrasch M, Laine M, Sillanmäki L (1999b) Cortical activation related to auditory semantic matching of concrete vs. abstract words. Clin. Neurophysiol., 100: 1371-1377.
> - Krause, C.M., Åström, T., Karrasch, M., Sillanmäki, L., Alanko, K. (Submitted manuscript a). Event-Related EEG Desynchronization and Synchronization During an Auditory Memory Task With Emotion-Related Verbs as Stimuli.
> - Krause, C.M., Viemerö, V., Rosenqvist, A., Sillanmäki, L. (Submitted manuscript b). Relative EEG desynchronization and synchronization to emotional film substance: An analysis of the 4-6, 6-8, 8-10 and 10-12 Hz frequency bands.
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> - Pfurtscheller, G., Aranibar, A. (1979) Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding and following voluntary self-paced movement. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 46: 138-146.
> - Pfurtscheller, G., Steffan, J., Maresch, H. (1988) ERD mapping and functional topography: Temporal and spatial aspects. In G. Pfurtscheller & F. H. Lopes da Silva (Eds.) Functional brain imaging. Hans Huber, Stuttgart.
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> - Pfurtscheller, G., Klimesch, W. (1992a) Event-related synchronization and desynchronization of alpha and beta waves in a cognitive task. In E. Basar, W.J. Freeman, W.-D. Heiss, D. Lehmann, F.H. Lopes da Silva, E.-J Speckmann (Eds.) Brain dynamics. Birkhauser, Boston.
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A Tradition of Excellence

> I've been stalked for fifteen years and as it turns out my life was ripped apart so some yahoo biker drug dealer wouldn't be found out as a dea informant. the rest of these folks need to comprehend their is no end to it and the senate armed services committee is behind the protection of those responsible. for their troubles.yes people the govrnment gave the most sophistcated surveillance equipment known ro mankind to organized crime and syndicate drug organizations. it all is very real!!! and most of the news media will protect the scumbags not you or your families.I've been crapped on by all and so will you if you pursue it they have money and power you and I do not.

> Monday July 13, 1987
> I'm not talking just about your part in this, but the entire scenario ---about government officials who plotted and conspired, who set up a strawman, a fallguy. Officials who lied, misrepresented and deceived. Officials who planned to superimpose upon our government a layer outside of our government, shrouded in secrecy and only accountable to the conspirators.

> Rep. STOKES:
> THE PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
> UNCLASSIFIED
> RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit)
> DATE February 2000
> APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY

> RDT&E, Defense-wide BA1 Basic Research
> R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
> Defense Research Sciences
> PE 0601101E, Project ES-01
> · Terahertz Technology. ($ 2.099 Million)

> - Explored technologies for a region of the electromagnetic spectrum (300 Ghz to 10 Thz, 1 mm to 30 micrometer) that has previously been difficult to access using conventional technologies, in order to exploit opportunities in environmental sensing, upper-atmosphere imagery and covert satellite communications.

> UNCLASSIFIED
> RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit)
> DATE February 2000
> APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY

> RDT&E, Defense-wide
> BA1 Basic Research
> R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
> Defense Research Sciences
> PE 0601101E, Project CCS-02

> (U) Advances in cognitive neuroscience make it possible for us to be able to interface biological systems with computer systems. Oliver North's electronically preserved memos and mail show that the White House was tracking which reporters were making what advances on the story 1980 - 1985

> During the early 1980s, international drug trafficking organizations reorganized and began operating on an unprecedented scale. The rise of the Medellin cartel, the influx of cocaine into the United States, and the violence associated with drug trafficking and drug use complicated the task of law enforcement at all levels. Violent crime rates rose dramatically during this period and continued to rise until the early 1990s. The "normalization" of drug use during the previous two decades continued as the U.S. population rediscovered cocaine. Many saw cocaine as a benign, recreational drug. In 1981,

> Time magazine ran a cover story entitled, "High on Cocaine" with cover art of an elegant martini glass filled with cocaine. The article reported that cocaine's use was spreading quickly into America's middle class: "Today...coke is the drug of choice for perhaps millions of solid, conventional and often upwardly mobile citizens." Drug abuse among U.S. citizens in the early 1980s remained at dangerously high levels. Operation Swordfish (1980)

> In December 1980, the DEA launched a major investigation in Miami aimed against international drug organizations. The operation was dubbed Operation Swordfish because it was intended to snare the "big fish" in the drug trade. The DEA set up a bogus money laundering corporation in suburban Miami Lakes that was called Dean International Investments, Inc. The DEA agents teamed up with a Cuban exile who had fallen on hard times and was willing to lure Colombian traffickers to the bogus bank. In addition to spending time in Cuban prisons after the Bay of Pigs invasion, the exile had also served jail time in the United States for tax fraud and was heavily in debt to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. During the 18-month investigation, agents were able to gather enough evidence for a federal grand jury to indict 67 U.S. and Colombian citizens. At the conclusion of the operation, drug agents seized 100 kilos of cocaine, a quarter-million methaqualone pills, tons of marijuana, and $800,000 in cash, cars, land, and Miami bank accounts. Operation Swordfish was a significant attack on South Florida's flourishing drug trade.

> Francis M. Mullen, Jr.: Third DEA AdministratorFrancis M. "Bud" Mullen, Jr., a career FBI agent of almost 20 years, was appointed Acting Administrator of the DEA on July 10, 1981. He began his FBI career in May 1962 at the Bureau's Los Angeles office, serving from 1963 to 1969. From there, he was assigned to the Administrative Services Division in Washington (1969-1972), the Planning and Inspection Division (1972), and was Assistant Special Agent in Charge in Denver, Colorado (1973-1975). Later, he served as Special Agent in Charge in Tampa, Florida (1975-1976) and in New Orleans, Louisiana (1976-1978), and he was the FBI's Inspector and Deputy Assistant Director, Organized Crime & White Collar Crime (1978-1979); Assistant Director, Criminal Investigative Division (1979-80); and Executive Assistant Director, Investigations from 1980 until his appointment to DEA Administrator. He continued to serve in an acting capacity from July 1981 until he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on September 30, 1983, and sworn in as the DEA's third administrator on November 10, 1983. He is currently the Director of Mohegan Tribal Gaming Commission in Uncasville, Connecticut.Administrator Mullen began his term at a time when the tremendous impact of drug abuse was being felt across the United States. The problem was especially acute in southern Florida, where unprecendented drug-related violence accompanied the cocaine transit routes of the Colombian cartels. It was clear to the Reagan Administration that U.S. drug fighting agencies needed help.Acting Administrator Mullen stressed multi-agency cooperation with other members of the enforcement and intelligence communities. He made the policy official in a July 14, 1981, memo to DEA employees: "On policy, strategy and tactical levels, your cooperation with other agencies in all current and future DEA efforts is hereby ordered."

> Members of DEA Philadelphia Group 1 seized 20 pounds of methamphetamine in a joint DEA/FBI investigation of organized crime in 1981. From left are SAs Dennis Malloy, Richard B. Shapiro, and William McGinn.

> In January 1982, Attorney General William French Smith announced a federal law enforcement reorganization. In an effort to bolster the drug effort with more anti-drug manpower and resources, the FBI officially joined forces with the DEA. The DEA would continue to be the principal drug enforcement agency and continue to be headed by an administrator, but instead of reporting directly to Associate Attorney General Rudy Giuliani, as Administrator Bensinger had, Administrator Mullen would report to FBI Director William H. Webster. Therefore, the FBI gained concurrent jurisdiction with the DEA over drug offenses. This increased the human and technical resources available for federal drug law enforcement from 1,900 FBI agents to almost 10,000.

> Administrator Mullen was the first FBI special agent to head the DEA. The Administration intended to increase cooperation between the two agencies by combining the street savvy of DEA agents with the variety of unique FBI investigative skills, especially in the area of money laundering and organized crime.

> During the previous summer, high-ranking Justice Department officials had formed a committee to study the most effective method of coordinating the efforts of the DEA and FBI. Although the committee had considered an outright merger of the two agencies, they decided that formalizing a closer working relationship would be the most effective way to enhance the nation's drug fighting effort.

> Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (1982)

> On October 14, 1982, Attorney General William French Smith announced an 8-point program (see below) to crackdown on organized crime, particularly syndicates involved with illegal drug trafficking. One highlight of the program was to establish 12 additional Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF), modeled after the successful South Florida Task Force, which was initiated under the leadership of Vice President George Bush. The President explained that "these task forces...will work closely with state and local law enforcement officials.

> Following the South Florida example, they'll utilize the resources of the federal government, including the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), the DEA, the IRS (Internal Revenue Service), the ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms), Immigration and Naturalization Service, United States Marshal Services, the U.S. Customs Service, and the Coast Guard. In addition, in some regions, Department of Defense tracking and pursuit capability will be made available...These task forces will allow us to mount an intensive and coordinated campaign against international and domestic drug trafficking and other organized criminal enterprises."

> OCDETF was one of the first multi-jurisdictional task forces to combat drug trafficking, and over the years, the DEA has participated in 85 percent of all OCDETF investigations.

> 8-Point Crackdown on Organized Crime

> - · Establish 12 additional task forces, modeled after the South Florida Task Force, in key areas of the United States.
> - · Create a 15-member panel to monitor organized crime's influence, hold public hearings on the findings for legislative recommendations and to heighten public awareness.
> - · Launch a project to enlist the nation's governors' support to strengthen criminal justice reforms against organized crime.
> - · Bring under a cabinet-level committee, chaired by the Attorney General, all federal agencies and law enforcement bureaus to bring a comprehensive attack on organized crime. The committee will review interagency and
> - intergovernmental cooperation and report the findings directly to the President. · Found a national center for state and local law enforcement training at the federal facility in Glynco, Georgia.
> - · Open a new legislative offensive aimed to reform criminal statutes concerning bail, sentencing, criminal forfeiture, exclusionary rule, and racketeering.
> - · Direct the Attorney General to submit an annual report on the fight against organized crime and organized drug trafficking groups.
> - Allocate millions of dollars for prison and jail facilities.

> Operation Pisces (1984)
> In 1984, the DEA set up an undercover money laundering operation called Operation Pisces with the IRS and several state and local agencies. This two-year, undercover intelligence investigation successfully revealed a direct connection between the Colombian cartels, including drug kingpin Pablo Escobar, and street gangs in the United States, as well as deals negotiated in Denmark and Italy.

> During the operation, DEA agents, posing as money launderers, also discovered that the drug lords were moving a ton of cocaine per week and reaping profits of almost $4 million a month. The organizations used check cashing businesses to launder the enormous proceeds from the sale of cocaine. When the operation ended in 1987, law enforcement had arrested 220 drug dealers and seized $28 million in cash and assets and more than 11,000 lbs. of cocaine in Southern California. The investigation was further proof of the continuous flow of drugs and money between Colombia and the United States.

> USDOJ/OIG Special Report
> THE CIA-CONTRA-CRACK COCAINE CONTROVERSY:
> A REVIEW OF THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT'S
> INVESTIGATIONS AND PROSECUTIONS
> (December, 1997)

> Chapter III: Norwin Meneses
> A. Introduction
> Norwin Meneses conducted large-scale drug trafficking in Nicaragua and the United States for many years. He was the subject of various criminal investigations in Nicaragua, before and after the overthrow of the Somoza regime in 1979, and also in the United States. Within the United States, the DEA began the first federal investigations of him in the early 1980s, which resulted in the prosecution of several of his family members and associates, but not him. As we discussed extensively in the previous section, starting in 1986 Meneses was used as an informant by the Costa Rica DEA office at the same time other DEA and FBI offices were still investigating him for drug trafficking in the United States.

> Yet, despite his denials, information in DOJ files makes clear he was a long- time drug trafficker who later became a DEA informant. According to a DEA agent who handled Meneses as an informant and another informant who worked with Meneses, Meneses admitted to both that he was a drug trafficker. As of October 1996, the DEA's NADDIS database referred to Meneses 53 times, mostly in cases involving other people in which source information mentioned Meneses peripherally.(28) However, including the Los Angeles OCDETF case described in the previous chapter, the DEA had eight cases, beginning in 1981, in which Meneses was one of the main targets. In addition to these DEA cases, during the mid-1980s the FBI targeted Meneses, and Meneses was ultimately indicted in 1989. At the time of his indictment, he was also an informant working with the DEA in Costa Rica.

> D. DEA Investigations of Meneses, 1980-1986
> Between 1980 and 1986, the DEA in San Francisco opened several investigations of Meneses and his associates. While some of Meneses' relatives and associates were convicted of drug trafficking as a result of these investigations, Meneses was not. This section describes those investigations, including one that the San Jose Mercury News claimed was inexplicably halted.

> 1. Smith's investigations
> Sandra Smith, an agent in the DEA's San Francisco office from 1974 to 1984, told the OIG that she first heard about Meneses' drug trafficking organization in 1975. She said that she heard rumors that he was transporting guns to Nicaragua and importing drugs from there. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she was assigned primarily to work on several major cases targeting the Hells Angels motorcycle gang in the San Francisco area. In one of those cases, she overhead a taped conversation in which Meneses discussed drug trafficking.

> The articles reported that her enthusiasm for the case against Meneses was not shared by her DEA supervisors, who took her off the case to investigate motorcycle gangs. The article said that the reasons her investigation was halted were "not clear," but the articles implied that it was because she had stumbled onto a link between cocaine and the CIA's "secret Contra army."

> Her supervisor spoke to the lead agent on the Hell's Angels case to which she was then assigned, but that agent said he needed Smith on the case. As a result, her request to work a task force matter against the Meneses organization was turned down.

> We attempted to interview Smith's supervisors about this claim, but were only able to interview one who is still with the DEA, Saverio Weidl. He supervised Smith in the San Francisco DEA office from 1981 until she left the DEA in 1984. He said that during that time, much of the San Francisco DEA office, and all of his group, including Smith, worked on the Hell's Angels case.

> This memorandum noted that there was an ongoing drug task force investigation being conducted in Los Angeles (the 1986-87 Los Angeles OCDETF case against Blandon) and that it was anticipated that the information developed by the DEA and FBI in San Francisco would be of some benefit to the OCDETF case. , the FBI had recorded a conversation during a 1984 undercover investigation of other people (hellsangels) in which Meneses stated that he owned numerous properties that he used to launder money and that he had an association with Pablo Escobar. Meneses also discussed the smuggling and distribution of kilograms of "apparatus" to Nicaraguans in San Francisco.

> 32. This memorandum was sent in response to a request from the Justice Department for information on investigations or prosecutions of any persons associated with the Nicaraguan Contras. The Department had been asked for this information by Congressional committees investigating the Contras, including the Kerry Subcommittee investigation, as well by the special prosecutor investigating the Iran-Contra case. Operation Pisces (1984)

> In 1984, the DEA set up an undercover money laundering operation called Operation Pisces with the IRS and several state and local agencies. This two-year, undercover intelligence investigation successfully revealed a direct connection between the Colombian cartels, including drug kingpin Pablo Escobar, and street gangs in the United States, as well as deals negotiated in Denmark and Italy.

> During the operation, DEA agents, posing as money launderers, also discovered that the drug lords were moving a ton of cocaine per week and reaping profits of almost $4 million a month. The organizations used check cashing businesses to launder the enormous proceeds from the sale of cocaine. When the operation ended in 1987, law enforcement had arrested 220 drug dealers and seized $28 million in cash and assets and more than 11,000 lbs. of cocaine in Southern California. The investigation was further proof of the continuous flow of drugs and money between Colombia and the United States.

> In August 1986, Senator Richard Lugar, then-Chairman of the Committee and the ranking member, Senator Claiborne Pell, wrote the Justice Department requesting information on 27 individuals and organizations associated with the contras concerning allegations of their involvement in narcotics trafficking and illegal gunrunning. The Justice Department refused to provide any information in response to this request, on the grounds that the information remained under active investigation, and that the Committee's "rambling through open investigations gravely risks compromising those efforts."[11]

> On October 5, 1988, the Subcommittee received sworn testimony from the Miami prosecutor handling the Neutrality and gun-running cases that he had been advised that some officials in the Justice Department had met in 1986 to discuss how "to undermine" Senator Kerry's attempts to have hearings regarding the allegations.[12]

> [11] Foreign Relations Committee-Justice Department correspondence, August 10,1985.

> --Payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies.

> While for some Contras, it was a matter of survival, for the traffickers it was just another business deal to promote and protect their own operations. III. THE GUNS AND DRUG SMUGGLING INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPS Covert war, insurgency and drug trafficking frequently go hand-in-hand without regard to ideology or sponsorship. General Paul Gorman, testified that the use of narcotics profits by armed resistance groups was commonplace. Gorman stated further that: "If you want to move arms or munitions in Latin America, the established networks are owned by the cartels. It has lent itself to the purposes of terrorists, of saboteurs, of spies, of insurgents and subversions."[13]

> http://foia.fbi.gov/hellsang.htm
> pdf. File 1c pages 2-44 tells all.
> Insert them here.

> The logic of having drug money pay for the pressing needs of the Contras appealed to a number of people who became involved in the covert war. Indeed, senior U.S. policy makers were not immune to the idea that drug money was a perfect solution to the Contra's funding problems.

> As DEA officials testified last July before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Lt. Col. Oliver North suggested to the DEA in June 1985 that $1.5 million in drug money carried aboard a plane piloted by DEA informant Barry Seal and generated in a sting of the Medellin Cartel and Sandinista officials, be provided to the Contras.[25] While the suggestion was rejected by the DEA, the fact that it was made highlights the potential appeal of drug profits for persons engaged in covert activity.

> Chapter IV: OIG Analysis of Allegations Regarding Blandon's and Meneses' Relationship with the Contras and the CIA

> In early 1987, the San Francisco FBI presented a memorandum summarizing its information about Norwin Meneses to the San Francisco U.S. Attorney's Office for a prosecutive decision. The FBI memorandum stated that, in addition to past intelligence information about Meneses, the FBI had recorded a conversation during a 1984 undercover investigation of other people in which Meneses stated that he owned numerous properties that he used to launder money and that he had an association with Pablo Escobar. Meneses also discussed the smuggling and distribution of kilograms of "apparatus" to Nicaraguans in San Francisco. The FBI memorandum stated that the FBI had three informants who had discussed trafficking cocaine with Meneses between 1980 and 1985 and were willing to testify. The memorandum also reported that in 1985, another informant told the FBI that Meneses had discussed narcotics transactions and offered to purchase kilogram quantities of cocaine from the informant. The informant also stated that Meneses had a reputation as a gun runner in Nicaragua and may have worked for the CIA.

> Operation Pisces (1984)

> In 1984, the DEA set up an undercover money laundering operation called Operation Pisces with the IRS and several state and local agencies. This two-year, undercover intelligence investigation successfully revealed a direct connection between the Colombian cartels, including drug kingpin Pablo Escobar, and street gangs in the United States, as well as deals negotiated in Denmark and Italy.

> During the operation, DEA agents, posing as money launderers, also discovered that the drug lords were moving a ton of cocaine per week and reaping profits of almost $4 million a month. The organizations used check cashing businesses to launder the enormous proceeds from the sale of cocaine. When the operation ended in 1987, law enforcement had arrested 220 drug dealers and seized $28 million in cash and assets and more than 11,000 lbs. of cocaine in Southern California. The investigation was further proof of the continuous flow of drugs and money between Colombia and the United States.

> It has been suggested that Meneses was not prosecuted in the United States because of the influence of the CIA. The San Jose Mercury News articles reported that Meneses "never spent a day in a U.S. prison," despite the fact that he lived openly in San Francisco for many years and that the United States government was aware of his cocaine dealings for a long time. The articles claimed that investigations of Meneses "were stymied not by the elusive Meneses but by agencies of the U.S. government," suggesting the influence of the CIA or unnamed "national security" interests. The articles stated, for example, that in 1981 a San Francisco DEA agent named Sandra Smith investigated Meneses and "inadvertently uncovered the first direct link between cocaine and the secret army the Central Intelligence Agency was assembling to overthrow the government of Nicaragua," and that Smith's investigation was allegedly halted for reasons that were "not clear." The articles also claimed that the 1989 indictment of Meneses was "quickly locked away in the vaults of the San Francisco courthouse," inexplicably kept secret for many years, and his arrest warrant was never entered into a national law enforcement database.

> S-114.740 Biological Human-Machine Interfaces

UNCLASSIFIED
RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit)
DATE February 2000
APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY

RDT&E, Defense-wide
BA1 Basic Research
R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
Defense Research Sciences
PE 0601101E, R-1 #2
COST (In Millions) FY 1999 FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2004 FY2005 Cost To Complete Total Cost
Total Program Element (PE) Cost 57.369 67.608 90.415 94.263 94.398 96.259 96.118 Continuing Continuing
Information Sciences CCS-02 12.184 19.200 38.386 40.593 40.700 40.700 45.700 Continuing Continuing
Electronic Sciences ES-01 19.662 21.761 17.498 19.743 22.645 30.506 36.365 Continuing Continuing
Materials Sciences MS-01 25.523 26.647 34.531 33.927 31.053 25.053 14.053 Continuing Continuing

(U) Mission Description:
(U) The Defense Research Sciences Program Element is budgeted in the Basic Research Budget Activity because it provides the technical foundation for long-term improvements through the discovery of new phenomena and the exploration of the potential of such phenomena for national security applications. It supports the scientific study and experimentation that is the basis for more advanced knowledge and understanding in information, electronic and materials sciences.

(U) The Information Sciences project supports basic scientific study and experimentation in information sciences technology areas such as computational models, new mechanisms for performing computation and communication integrating biological and information processes, innovative approaches to the composition of software, and novel human computer interface technologies. At the intersection of biology and information technology, this project will explore scientific study and experimentation emphasizing biological software, computations based on biological materials, physical interfaces between electronics and biology, and interactive biology.

(U) Mission Description:
(U) This project supports scientific study and experimentation that is the basis for more advanced knowledge and understanding in information sciences technology areas related to long-term national security requirements such as computational models and new mechanisms for performing computation and communication integrating biological and information processes. This project is also exploring innovative approaches to the composition of software and novel human computer interface technologies.

#### UNCLASSIFIED
RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit)
DATE February 2000
APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY

RDT&E, Defense-wide
BA1 Basic Research
R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
Defense Research Sciences
PE 0601101E, Project CCS-02

(U) Advances in cognitive neuroscience make it possible for us to be able to interface biological systems with computer systems. In turn these will be used to develop new modalities of human computer interfaces including augmentation of memory and spatial reasoning capabilities. In the area of human computer interfaces the project will study information management, interface technologies and their relationship to cognitive processes.

#### UNCLASSIFIED
RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit)
DATE February 2000
APPROPRIATION/BUDGET ACTIVITY

RDT&E, Defense-wide
BA1 Basic Research
R-1 ITEM NOMENCLATURE
Defense Research Sciences
PE 0601101E, Project ES-01
· Terahertz Technology. ($ 2.099 Million)

- Explored technologies for a region of the electromagnetic spectrum (300 Ghz to 10 Thz, 1 mm to 30 micrometer) that has previously been difficult to access using conventional technologies, in order to exploit opportunities in environmental sensing, upper-atmosphere imagery and covert satellite communications.

Executive Summary
In October and November 1986, two secret U.S. Government operations were publicly exposed, potentially implicating Reagan Administration officials in illegal activities. These operations were the provision of assistance to the military activities of the Nicaraguan contra rebels during an October 1984 to October 1986 prohibition on such aid, and the sale of U.S. arms to Iran in contravention of stated U.S. policy and in possible violation of arms-export controls.

In late November 1986 following the revelation of these operations in October and November 1986, Reagan Administration officials deliberately deceived the Congress and the public about the level and extent of official knowledge of and support for these operations.

In addition, Independent Counsel concluded that the off-the-books nature of the Iran and contra operations gave line-level personnel the opportunity to commit money crimes.

. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Richmond, Va., on September 6, 1990, upheld Judge Hilton's rulings under the Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA). On October 12, 1990, the Attorney General filed a final declaration that he would not disclose the classified information.

-- or will there be a final chapter, one that puts the pieces together? I sometimes wonder if, should new revelations emerge -- about George Bush's role in covert and illegal support for the Contras, for example -- the press would even bother to cover the story. And if it did, would the story get the hit-or-miss attention given to chapter one -- the covert operations while they were still covert?

CHAPTER ONE: 1981-1986 THE PIECES OF THE PUZZLE

Oliver North's electronically preserved memos and mail show that the White House was tracking which reporters were making what advances on the story If there is one area in which reporters should carry on without the peg of an official investigation, it is when constitutional principles appear to have been violated

S-114.740 Biological Human-Machine Interfaces
Monday July 13, 1987
I'm not talking just about your part in this, but the entire scenario ---about government officials who plotted and conspired, who set up a strawman, a fallguy. Officials who lied, misrepresented and deceived. Officials who planned to superimpose upon our government a layer outside of our government, shrouded in secrecy and only accountable to the conspirators.
Rep. STOKES: