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         MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 51
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         V E R I C O M M / MindNet         "Quid veritas est?"
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    The views and opinions expressed below are not necessarily the
    views and opinions of VERICOMM, MindNet, or the editors unless
    otherwise noted.

    Permission is given to reproduce and redistribute, for
    non-commercial purposes only, provided this information and the
    copy remain intact and unedited.

    Editor: Mike Coyle

    Contributing Editors: Walter Bowart
                          Alex Constantine
                          Martin Cannon

    Assistant Editor: Rick Lawler

    Research: Darrell Bross

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    [HAARP]

    UNITED STATES PATENT

    Eastlund

    Patent Number: 4,686,605 Date of Patent: Aug. 11, 1987

    METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ALTERING A REGION IN THE EARTH'S
    ATMOSPHERE, IONOSPHERE, AND/OR MAGNETOSPHERE

    ----------------------------------------------------------------

    Inventor: Bernard J. Eastlund, Spring, Tex.

    Assignee: APTI, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.

    Appl. No.: 690,333

    Filed: Jan. 10, 1985

    References Cited

    PUBLICATIONS

    Liberty Magazine, (2/35) p. 7 N. Tesla. New York Times (9/22/40)
    Section 2, p. 7 W. L Laurence.

    New York Times (12/8/15) p. 8 Col. 3.

    Primary Examiner--Salvatore Cangialosi Attorney, Agent, or
    Firm--Roderick W. MacDonald

    ABSTRACT

    A method and apparatus for altering at least one selected region
    which normally exists above the earth's surface. The region is
    excited by electron cyclotron resonance heating to thereby
    increase its charged particle density. In one embodiment,
    circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation is transmitted
    upward in a direction substantially parallel to and along a field
    line which extends through the region of plasma to be altered.
    The radiation is transmitted at a frequency which excites
    electron cyclotron resonance to heat and accelerate the charged
    particles. This increase in energy can cause ionization of
    neutral particles which are then absorbed as part of the region
    thereby increasing the charged particle density of the region.

    15 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures

    METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ALTERING A REGION IN THE EARTH'S
    ATMOSPHERE, IONOSPHERE, AND/OR MAGNETOSPHERE

    DESCRIPTION

    1. Technical Field

    This invention relates to a method and apparatus for altering at
    least one selected region normally existing above the earth's
    surface and more particularly relates to a method and apparatus
    for altering said at least one region by initially transmitting
    electromagnetic radiation from the earth's surface essentially
    parallel to and along naturally-occurring, divergent magnetic
    field lines which extend from the earth's surface through the
    region or regions to be altered.

    2. Background Art

    In the late 1950's, it was discovered that naturally-occuring
    belts exist at high altitudes above the earth's surface, and it
    is now established that these belts result from charged electrons
    and ions becoming trapped along the magnetic lines of force
    (field lines) of the earth's essentially dipole magnetic field.
    The trapped electrons and ions are confined along the field lines
    between two magnetic mirrors which exist at spaced apart points
    along those field lines. The trapped electrons and ions move in
    helical paths around their particular field lines and "bounce"
    back and forth between the magnetic mirrors. These trapped
    electrons and ions can oscillate along the field lines for long
    periods of time.

    In the past several years substantial effort has been made to
    understand and explain the phenomena involved in belts of trapped
    electrons and ions, and to explore possible ways to control and
    use these phenomena for beneficial purposes. For example, in the
    late 1950's and early 1960's both the United States and U.S.S.R.
    detonated a series of nuclear devices of various yields to
    generate large numbers of charged particles at various altitudes,
    e.g., 200 kilometers (km) or greater. This was done in order to
    establish and study artificial belts of trapped electrons and
    ions. These experiments established that at least some of the
    extraneous electrons and ions from the detonated devices did
    become trapped along field lines in the earth's magnetosphere to
    form artificial belts which were stable for prolonged periods of
    time. For a discussion of these experiments see "The Radiation
    Belt and Magnetosphere", W. N. Hess, Blaisdell Publishing Co.,
    1968, pps. 155 et sec.

    Other proposals which have been advanced for altering existing
    belts of trapped electrons and ions and/or establishing similar
    artificial belts include injecting charged particles from a
    satellite carrying a payload of radioactive beta-decay material
    or alpha emitters; and injecting charged particles from a
    satellite-borne electron accelerator. Still another approach is
    described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,196 wherein a low energy ionized
    gas, e.g., hydrogen, is released from a synchronous orbiting
    satellite near the apex of a radiation belt which is
    naturally-occurring in the earth's magnetosphere to produce a
    substantial increase in energetic particle precipitation and,
    under certain conditions, produce a limit in the number of
    particles that can be stably trapped. This precipitation effect
    arises from an enhancement of the whistler-mode and ion-cyclotron
    mode interactions that result from the ionized gas or "cold
    plasma" injection.

    It has also been proposed to release large clouds of barium in
    the magnetosphere so that photoionization will increase the cold
    plasma density, thereby producing electron precipitation through
    enhanced whistler-mode interaction.

    However, in all of the above-mentioned approaches, the mechanisms
    involved in triggering the change in the trapped particle
    phenomena must be actually positioned within the affected zone,
    e.g., the magnetosphere, before they can be actuated to effect
    the desired change.

    The earth's ionosphere is not considered to be a "trapped" belt
    since there are few trapped particles therein. The term "trapped"
    herein refers to situations where the force of gravity on the
    trapped particles is balanced by magnetic forces rather than
    hydrostatic or collisional forces. The charged electrons and ions
    in the ionosphere also follow helical paths around magnetic field
    lines within the ionosphere but are not trapped between mirrors,
    as in the case of the trapped belts in the magnetosphere. since
    the gravitational force on the particles is balanced by
    collisional or hydrostatic forces.

    In recent years, a number of experiments have actually been
    carried out to modify the ionosphere in some controlled manner to
    investigate the possibility of a beneficial result. For detailed
    discussions of these operations see the following papers: (1)
    Ionospheric Modification Theory; G. Meltz and F. W. Perkins: (2)
    The Platteville High Power facility; Carrol et al.; (3) Arecibo
    Heating Experiments; W. E. Gordon and H. C. Carlson, Jr.; and (4)
    Ionospheric Heating by Powerful Radio Waves; Meltz et al., all
    published in Radio Science, Vol. 9, No. 11, November, 1974, at
    pages 885-888; 889-894; 1041-1047; and 1049-1063, respectively,
    all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In such
    experiments, certain regions of the ionosphere are heated to
    change the electron density and temperature within these regions.
    This is accomplished by transmitting from earth-based antennae
    high frequency electromagnetic radiation at a substantial angle
    to, not parallel to, the ionosphere's magnetic field to heat the
    ionospheric particles primarily by ohmic heating. The electron
    temperature of the ionosphere has been raised by hundreds of
    degrees in these experiments, and electrons with several electron
    volts of energy have been produced in numbers sufficient to
    enhance airglow. Electron concentrations have been reduced by a
    few percent, due to expansion of the plasma as a result of
    increased temperature.

    In the Elmo Bumpy Torus (EBT), a controlled fusion device at the
    Oak Ridge National Laboratory, all heating is provided by
    microwaves at the electron cyclotron resonance interaction. A
    ring of hot electrons is formed at the earth's surface in the
    magnetic mirror by a combination of electron cyclotron resonance
    and stochastic heating. In the EBT, the ring electrons are
    produced with an average "temperature", of 250 kilo electron
    volts or kev (2.5 X 10^9K) and a plasma beta between 0.1 and 0.4;
    see, "A Theoretical Study of Electron Cyclotron Absorption in
    Elmo Bumpy Torus", Batchelor and Goldfinger, Nuclear Fusion, Vol.
    20, No. 4 (1980) pps. 403-418.

    Electron cyclotron resonance heating has been used in experiments
    on the earth's surface to produce and accelerate plasmas in a
    diverging magnetic field. Kosmahl et al. showed that power was
    transferred from the electromagnetic waves and that a fully
    ionized plasma was accelerated with a divergence angle of roughly
    13 degrees. Optimum neutral gas density was 1.7 X 10^14 per cubic
    centimeter; see, "Plasma Acceleration with Microwaves Near
    Cyclotron Resonance", Kosmahl et al., Journal of Applied Physics,
    Vol. 38, No. 12, Nov., 1967, pps. 4576-4582.

    DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

    The present invention provides a method and apparatus for
    altering at least one selected region which normally exists above
    the earth's surface. The region is excited by electron cyclotron
    resonance heating of electrons which are already present and/or
    artificially created in the region to thereby increase the
    charged particle energy and ultimately the density of the region.

    In one embodiment this is done by transmitting circularly
    polarized electromagnetic radiation from the earth's surface at
    or near the location where a naturally-occurring dipole magnetic
    field (force) line intersects the earth's surface. Right hand
    circular polarization is used in the northern hemisphere and left
    hand circular polarization is used in the southern hemisphere.
    The radiation is deliberately transmitted at the outset in a
    direction substantially parallel to and along a field line which
    extends upwardly through the region to be altered. The radiation
    is transmitted at a frequency which is based on the gyro
    frequency of the charged particles and which, when applied to the
    at least one region, excites electron cyclotron resonance within
    the region or regions to heat and accelerate the charged
    particles in their respective helical paths around and along the
    field line. Sufficient energy is employed to cause ionization of
    neutral particles (molecules of oxygen, nitrogen and the like,
    particulates, etc.) which then become a part of the region
    thereby increasing the charged particle density of the region.
    This effect can further be enhanced by providing artificial
    particles, e.g., electrons, ions, etc., directly into the region
    to be affected from a rocket, satellite, or the like to
    supplement the particles in the naturally-occurring plasma. These
    artificial particles are also ionized by the transmitted
    electromagnetic radiation thereby increasing charged particle
    density of the resulting plasma in the region.

    In another embodiment of the invention, electron cyclotron
    resonance heating is carried out in the selected region or
    regions at sufficient power levels to allow a plasma present in
    the region to generate a mirror force which forces the charged
    electrons of the altered plasma upward along the force line to an
    altitude which is higher than the original altitude. In this case
    the relevant mirror points are at the base of the altered region
    or regions. The charged electrons drag ions with them as well as
    other particles that may be present. Sufficient power, e.g.,
    10^15 joules, can be applied so that the altered plasma can be
    trapped on the field line between mirror points and will
    oscillate in space for prolonged periods of time. By this
    embodiment, a plume of altered plasma can be established at
    selected locations for communication modification or other
    purposes.

    In another embodiment, this invention is used to alter at least
    one selected region of plasma in the ionosphere to establish a
    defined layer of plasma having an increased charged particle
    density. Once this layer is established, and while maintaining
    the transmission of the main beam of circularly polarized
    electromagnetic radiation, the main beam is modulated and/or at
    least one second different, modulated electromagnetic radiation
    beam is transmitted from at least one separate source at a
    different frequency which will be absorbed in the plasma layer.
    The amplitude of the frequency of the main beam and/or the second
    beam or beams is modulated in resonance with at least one known
    oscillation mode in the selected region or regions to excite the
    known oscillation mode to propagate a known frequency wave or
    waves throughout the ionosphere.

    BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

    The earth's magnetic field is somewhat analogous to a dipole bar
    magnet. As such, the earth's magnetic field contains numerous
    divergent field or force lines, each line intersecting the
    earth's surface at points on opposite sides of the Equator. The
    field lines which intersect the earth's surface near the poles
    have apexes which lie at the furthest points in the earth's
    magnetosphere while those closest to the Equator have apexes
    which reach only the lower portion of the magnetosphere.

    At various altitudes above the earth's surface, e.g., in both the
    ionosphere and the magnetosphere, plasma is naturally present
    along these field lines. This plasma consists of equal numbers of
    positively and negatively charged particles (i.e., electrons and
    ions) which are guided by the field line. It is well established
    that a charged particle in a magnetic field gyrates about field
    lines, the center of gyration at any instance being called the
    "guiding center" of the particle. As the gyrating particle moves
    along a field line in a uniform field, it will follow a helical
    path about its guiding center, hence linear motion, and will
    remain on the field line. Electrons and ions both follow helical
    paths around a field line but rotate in opposite directions. The
    frequencies at which the electrons and ions rotate about the
    field line are called gyro magnetic frequencies or cyclotron
    frequencies because they are identical with the expression for
    the angular frequencies of gyration of particles in a cyclotron.
    The cyclotron frequency of ions in a given magnetic field is less
    than that of electrons, in inverse proportion to their masses.

    If the particles which form the plasma along the earth's field
    lines continued to move with a constant pitch angle, often
    designated "alpha", they would soon impact on the earth's
    surface. Pitch angle alpha is defined as the angle between the
    direction of the earth's magnetic field and the velocity (V) of
    the particle. However, in converging force fields, the pitch
    angle does change in such a way as to allow the particle to turn
    around and avoid impact. Consider a particle moving along a field
    line down toward the earth. It moves into a region of increasing
    magnetic field strength and therefore sine alpha increases. But
    sine alpha can only increase to 1.0, at which point the particle
    turns around and starts moving up along the field line, and alpha
    decreases. The point at which the particle turns around is called
    the mirror point, and there alpha equals ninety degrees. This
    process is repeated at the other end of the field line where the
    same magnetic field strength value B, namely Bm, exists. The
    particle again turns around and this is called the "conjugate
    point" of the original mirror point. The particle is therefore
    trapped and bounces between the two magnetic mirrors. The
    particle can continue oscillating in space in this manner for
    long periods of time. The actual place where a particle will
    mirror can be calculated from the following:

    sin^2 alpha0=B0/Bm

    wherein:

    alpha0=equatorial pitch angle of particle

    B0=equatorial field strength on a particular field line

    Bm=field strength at the mirror point

    Recent discoveries have established that there are substantial
    regions of naturally trapped particles in space which are
    commonly called "trapped radiation belts". These belts occur at
    altitudes greater than about 500 km and accordingly lie in the
    magnetosphere and mostly above the ionosphere.

    The ionosphere, while it may overlap some of the trapped-particle
    belts, is a region in which hydrostatic forces govern its
    particle distribution in the gravitational field. Particle motion
    within the ionosphere is governed by both hydrodynamic and
    electrodynamic forces. While there are few trapped particles in
    the ionosphere, nevertheless, plasma is present along field lines
    in the ionosphere. The charged particles which form this plasma
    move between collisions with other particles along similar
    helical paths around the field lines and although a particular
    particle may diffuse downward into the earth's lower atmosphere
    or lose energy and diverge from its original field line due to
    collisions with other particles, these charged particles are
    normally replaced by other available charged particles or by
    particles that are ionized by collision with said particle. The
    electron density (Ne) of the plasma will vary with the actual
    conditions and locations involved. Also, neutral particles, ions,
    and electrons are present in proximity to the field lines.

    The production of enhanced ionization will also alter the
    distribution Or atomic and molecular constituents of the
    atmosphere, most notably through increased atomic nitrogen
    concentration. The upper atmosphere is normally rich in atomic
    oxygen (the dominant atmospheric constituent above 200 km
    altitude), but atomic nitrogen is normally relatively rare. This
    can be expected to manifest itself in increased airglow, among
    other effects.

    As known in plasma physics, the characteristics of a plasma can
    be altered by adding energy to the charged particles or by
    ionizing or exciting additional particles to increase the density
    of the plasma. One way to do this is by heating the plasma which
    can be accomplished in different ways, e.g., ohmic, magnetic
    compression, shock waves, magnetic pumping, electron cyclotron
    resonance, and the like.

    [...]

    Referring now to the drawings, the present invention provides a
    method and apparatus for altering at least one region of plasma
    which lies along a field line, particularly when it passes
    through the ionosphere and/or magnetosphere. FIG. 1 is a
    simplified illustration of the earth 10 and one of its dipole
    magnetic force or field lines 11. As will be understood, line 11
    may be any one of the numerous naturally existing field lines and
    the actual geographical locations 13 and 14 of line 11 will be
    chosen based on a particular operation to be carried out. The
    actual locations at which field lines intersect the earth's
    surface is documented and is readily ascertainable by those
    skilled in the art.

    Line 11 passes through region R which lies at an altitude above
    the earth's surface. A wide range of altitudes are useful given
    the power that can be employed by the practice of this invention.
    The electron cyclotron resonance heating effect can be made to
    act on electrons anywhere above the surface of the earth. These
    electrons may be already present in the atmosphere, ionosphere,
    and/or magnetosphere of the earth, or can be artificially
    generated by a variety of means such as x-ray beams, charged
    particle beams, lasers, the plasma sheath surrounding an object
    such as a missile or meteor, and the like. Further, artificial
    particles, e.g., electrons, ions, etc., can be injected directly
    into region R from an earth-launched rocket or orbiting satellite
    carrying, for example, a payload of radioactive beta-decay
    material; alpha emitters; an electron accelerator; and/or ionized
    gases such as hydrogen; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,196. The altitude
    can be greater than about 50 km if desired, e.g., can be from
    about 50 km to about 800 km, and, accordingly may lie in either
    the ionosphere or the magnetosphere or both. As explained above,
    plasma will be present along line 11 within region R and is
    represented by the helical line 12. Plasma 12 is comprised of
    charged particles (i.e., electrons and ions) which rotate about
    opposing helical paths along line 11.

    Antenna 15 is positioned as close as is practical to the location
    14 where line 11 intersects the earth's surface. Antenna 15 may
    be of any known construction for high directionality, for
    example, a phased array, beam spread angle (symbol? circle with a
    line) type. See "The MST Radar at Poker Flat, Alaska", Radio
    Science, Vol. 15, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1980, pps. 213-223, which is
    incorporated herein by reference. Antenna 15 is coupled to
    transmitter 16 which generates a beam of high frequency
    electromagnetic radiation at a wide range of discrete
    frequencies, e.g., from about 20 to about 1800 kilohertz (kHz).

    Transmitter 16 is powered by power generator means 17 which is
    preferably comprised of one or more large, commercial electrical
    generators. Some embodiments of the present invention require
    large amounts of power, e.g., up to 10^9 to 10^11 watts, in
    continuous wave or pulsed power. Generation of the needed power
    is within the state of the art. Although the electrical
    generators necessary for the practice of the invention can be
    powered in any known manner, for example, by nuclear reactors,
    hydroelectric facilities, hydrocarbon fuels, and the like, this
    invention, because of its very large power requirement in certain
    applications, is particularly adapted for use with certain types
    of fuel sources which naturally occur at strategic geographical
    locations around the earth. For example, large reserves of
    hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) exist in Alaska and Canada. In
    northern Alaska, particularly the North Slope region, large
    reserves are currently readily available. Alaska and northern
    Canada also are ideally located geographically as to magnetic
    latitudes. Alaska provides easy access to magnetic field lines
    that are especially suited to the practice of this invention,
    since many field lines which extend to desirable altitudes for
    this invention intersect the earth in Alaska. Thus, in Alaska,
    there is a unique combination of large, accessible fuel sources
    at desirable field line intersections. Further, a particularly
    desirable fuel source for the generation of very large amounts of
    electricity is present in Alaska in abundance, this source being
    natural gas. The presence of very large amounts of clean-burning
    natural gas in Alaskan latitudes, particularly on the North
    Slope, and the availability of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), gas
    turbine, fuel cell, electrogasdynamic (EGD) electric generators
    which operate very efficiently with natural gas provide an ideal
    power source for the unprecedented power requirements of certain
    of the applications of this invention. For a more detailed
    discussion Or the various means for generating electricity from
    hydrocarbon fuels, see "Electrical Aspects of Combustion", Lawton
    and Weinberg. Clarendon Press, 1969. For example, it is possible
    to generate the electricity directly at the high frequency needed
    to drive the antenna system. To do this, typically the velocity
    of flow of the combustion gases (v), past magnetic field
    perturbation of dimension d (in the case of MHD), follow the
    rule:

    v=df

    where f is the frequency at which electricity is generated. Thus,
    if v= 1.78 x 10^6 cm/sec and d=l cm then electricity would be
    generated at a frequency of 178 mHz.

    [...]

    FIG. 3 is an idealized representation of movement of plasma 12
    upon excitation by electron cyclotron resonance within the
    earth's divergent force field. Electrons (e) are accelerated to
    velocities required to generate the necessary mirror force to
    cause their upward movement. At the same time neutral particles
    (n) which are present along line 11 in region R are ionized and
    become part of plasma 12. As electrons (e) move upward along line
    11, they drag ions (i) and neutrals (n) with them but at an angle
    (symbol circle with line) of about 13 degrees to field line 11.
    Also, any particulates that may be present in region R, will be
    swept upwardly with the plasma. As the charged particles of
    plasma 12 move upward, other particles such as neutrals within or
    below R, move in to replace the upwardly moving particles. These
    neutrals, under some conditions, can drag with them charged
    particles.

    For example, as a plasma moves upward, other particles at the
    same altitude as the plasma move horizontally into the region to
    replace the rising plasma and to form new plasma. The kinetic
    energy developed by said other particles as they move
    horizontally is, for example, on the same order of magnitude as
    the total zonal kinetic energy of stratospheric winds known to
    exist.

    Referring again to FIG. 2, plasma 12 in region R is moved upward
    along field line 11. The plasma 12 will then form a plume
    (cross-hatched area in FIG. 2) which will be relatively stable
    for prolonged periods of time. The exact period of time will vary
    widely and be determined by gravitational forces and a
    combination of radiative and diffusive loss terms. In the
    previous detailed example, the calculations were based on forming
    a plume by producing O+ energies of 2 ev/particle. About 10 ev
    per particle would be required to expand plasma 12 to apex point
    C (FIG. l). There at least some of the particles of plasma 12
    will be trapped and will oscillate between mirror points along
    field line 11. This oscillation will then allow additional
    heating of the trapped plasma 12 by stochastic heating which is
    associated with trapped and oscillating particles. See "A New
    Mechanism for Accelerating Electrons in the Outer Ionosphere" by
    R. A. Helliwell and T. F. Bell, Journal of Geophysical Research'
    Vol. 65, No. 6, June, 1960. This is preferably carried out at an
    altitude of at least 500 km.

    The plasma of the typical example might be employed to modify or
    disrupt micro-wave transmissions of satellites. If less than
    total black-out of transmission is desired (e.g., scrambling by
    phase shifting digital signals), the density of the plasma (Ne)
    need only be at least about 10^6 per cubic centimeter for a
    plasma originating at an altitude of from about 250 to about 400
    km and accordingly less energy (i.e., electromagnetic radiation),
    e.g., 10^8 joules need be provided. Likewise, if the density Ne
    is on the order of 10^8, a properly positioned plume will provide
    a reflecting surface for VHF waves and can be used to enhance,
    interfere with, or otherwise modify communication transmissions.

    It can be seen from the foregoing that by appropriate application
    of various aspects of this invention at strategic locations and
    with adequate power sources, a means and method is provided to
    cause interference with or even total disruption of
    communications over a very large portion of the earth. This
    invention could be employed to disrupt not only land based
    communications, both civilian and military, but also airborne
    communications and sea communications (both surface and
    subsurface). This would have significant military implications,
    particularly as a barrier to or confusing factor for hostile
    missiles or airplanes.

    The belt or belts of enhanced ionization produced by the method
    and apparatus of this invention, particularly if set up over
    Northern Alaska and Canada, could be employed as an early warning
    device, as well as a communications disruption medium. Further,
    the simple ability to produce such a situation in a practical
    time period can by itself be a deterring force to hostile action.
    The ideal combination of suitable field lines intersecting the
    earth's surface at the point where substantial fuel sources are
    available for generation of very large quantities of
    electromagnetic power, such as the North Slope of Alaska,
    provides the wherewithal to accomplish the foregoing in a
    practical time period, e.g., strategic requirements could
    necessitate achieving the desired altered regions in time periods
    of two minutes or less and this is achievable with this
    invention, especially when the combination of natural gas and
    magnetohydrodynamic, gas turbine, fuel cell and/or EGD electric
    generators are employed at the point where the useful field lines
    intersect the earth's surface.

    One feature of this invention which satisfies a basic requirement
    of a weapon system, i.e., continuous checking of operability, is
    that small amounts of power can be generated for operability
    checking purposes. Further, in the exploitation of this
    invention, since the main electromagnetic beam which generates
    the enhanced ionized belt of this invention can be modulated
    itself and/or one or more additional electromagnetic radiation
    waves can be impinged on the ionized region formed by this
    invention as will be described in greater detail herein after
    with respect to FIG. 4, a substantial amount of randomly
    modulated signals of very large power magnitude can be generated
    in a highly nonlinear mode. This can cause confusion of or
    interference with or even complete disruption of guidance systems
    employed by even the most sophisticated of airplanes and
    missiles. The ability to employ and transmit over very wide areas
    of the earth a plurality of electromagnetic waves of varying
    frequencies and to change same at will in a random manner,
    provides a unique ability to interfere with all modes of
    communications, land, sea, and/or air, at the same time. Because
    of the unique juxtaposition of usable fuel source at the point
    where desirable field lines intersect the earth's surface, such
    wide ranging and complete communication interference can be
    achieved in a reasonably short period of time. Because of the
    mirroring phenomenon discussed herein above, it can also be
    prolonged for substantial time periods so that it would not be a
    mere transient effect that could simply be waited out by an
    opposing force. Thus, this invention provides the ability to put
    unprecedented amounts of power in the earth's atmosphere at
    strategic locations and to maintain the power injection level,
    particularly if random pulsing is employed, in a manner far more
    precise and better controlled than heretofore accomplished, by
    the prior art, particularly by the detonation of nuclear
    devices of various yields at various altitudes.

    Where the prior art approaches yielded merely transitory effects,
    the unique combination of fuel and desirable field lines at the
    point where the fuel occurs allows; the establishment of,
    compared to prior art approaches, precisely controlled and
    long-lasting effects which cannot, practically speaking, simply
    be waited out. Further, by knowing the frequencies of the various
    electromagnetic beams employed in the practice of this invention,
    it is possible not only to interfere with third party
    communications but to take advantage of one or more such beams to
    carry out a communications network even though the rest of the
    world's communications are disrupted. Put another way, what is
    used to disrupt another's communications can be employed by one
    knowledgeable of this invention as a communications network at
    the same time.

    In addition, once one's own communication network is established,
    the far-reaching extent of the effects of this invention could be
    employed to pick up communication signals of other(s) for
    intelligence purposes. Thus, it can be seen that the disrupting
    effects achievable by this invention can be employed to benefit
    by the party who is practicing this invention since knowledge of
    the various electromagnetic waves being employed and how they
    will vary in frequency and magnitude can be used to an advantage
    for positive communication and eavesdropping purposes at the same
    time. However, this invention is not limited to locations where
    the fuel source naturally exists or where desirable field lines
    naturally intersect the earth's surface. For example, fuel,
    particularly hydrocarbon fuel, can be transported by pipeline and
    the like to the location where the invention is to be practiced.

    [...]

    This invention has a phenomenal variety of possible ramifications
    and potential future developments. As alluded to earlier, missile
    or aircraft destruction, deflection, or confusion could result.
    particularly when relativistic particles are employed. Also.
    large regions of the atmosphere could be lifted to an
    unexpectedly high altitude so that missiles encounter unexpected
    and unplanned drag forces with resultant destruction or
    deflection of same. Weather modification is possible by, for
    example, altering upper atmosphere wind patterns or altering
    solar absorption patterns by constructing one or more plumes of
    atmospheric particles which will act as a lens or focusing
    device.

    Also as alluded to earlier, molecular modifications of the
    atmosphere can take place so that positive environmental effects
    can be achieved. Besides actually changing the molecular
    composition of an atmospheric region, a particular molecule or
    molecules can be chosen for increased presence. For example,
    ozone, nitrogen, etc. concentrations in the atmosphere could be
    artificially increased. Similarly, environmental enhancement
    could be achieved by causing the breakup of various chemical
    entities such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides,
    and the like.

    Transportation of entities can also be realized when advantage is
    taken of the drag effects caused by regions of the atmosphere
    moving up along diverging field lines. Small micron sized
    particles can be then transported. and, under certain
    circumstances and with the availability of sufficient energy,
    larger particles or objects could be similarly affected.
    Particles with desired characteristics such as tackiness,
    reflectivity, absorptivity, etc., can be transported for specific
    purposes or effects. For example, a plume of tacky particles
    could be established to increase the drag on a missile or
    satellite passing there through. Even plumes of plasma having
    substantially less charged particle density than described above
    will produce drag effects on missiles which will affect a
    lightweight (dummy) missile in a manner substantially different
    than a heavy (live) missile and this affect can be used to
    distinguish between the two types of missiles. A moving plume
    could also serve as a means for supplying a space station or for
    focusing vast amount of sunlight on selected portions of the
    earth.

    Surveys of global scope could also be realized because the
    earth's natural magnetic field could be significantly altered in
    a controlled manner by plasma beta effects resulting in, for
    example, improved magnetotelluric surveys. Electromagnetic pulse
    defenses are also possible. The earth's magnetic field could be
    decreased or disrupted at appropriate altitudes to modify or
    eliminate the magnetic field in high Compton electron generation
    (e.g., from high altitude nuclear bursts) regions. High
    intensity, well controlled electrical fields can be provided in
    selected locations for various purposes. For example, the plasma
    sheath surrounding a missile or satellite could be used as a
    trigger for activating such a high intensity field to destroy the
    missile or satellite.

    Further, irregularities can be created in the ionosphere which
    will interfere with the normal operation of various types of
    radar, e.g., synthetic aperture radar. The present invention can
    also be used to create artificial belts of trapped particles
    which in turn can be studied to determine the stability of such
    parties. Still further, plumes in accordance with the present
    invention can be formed to simulate and/or perform the same
    functions as performed by the detonation of a "heave" type
    nuclear device without actually having to detonate such a device.
    Thus it can be seen that the ramifications are numerous,
    far-reaching, and exceedingly varied in usefulness.

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