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         MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 81
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         V E R I C O M M sm                 "Quid veritas est?"
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    The views and opinions expressed below are not necessarily the
    views and opinions of VERICOMM or the editors unless otherwise
    noted.

    The following is reproduced here with the express permission of
    the author.

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    UNITED STATES, CANADA, BRITAIN: PARTNERS IN MIND CONTROL
    OPERATIONS

    By Armen Victorian

    July 1996

    ----------------------------------------------------------------

    DEDICATION: I dedicate this writing to those innocent victims who
    have suffered from physical, mental abuse and torture inflicted
    upon their mind and bodies by the state -- irrespective of the
    colour of the flag. To the courageous individuals for telling the
    world about their torment. And the institutions that stood by
    their side and fought for their human rights. Rights, which are
    still violated by states under the disguise of their national
    security acts. No amount of compensation would be sufficient for
    raping or killing the mind.

    The notorious Moscow trials of 1937 during Stalin's regime and
    the speed with which the defendants confessed to crimes
    against the state in the People's Court, and in particular
    Cardinal Mindszently of Hungary, surprised the governments of
    the western world. "Characteristics and manner of the
    defendants, and formulation and delivery of the confessions,
    have been so similar in large number of cases as to suggest
    factitious origin."[1] The evident incongruities prompted the
    CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) in 1949 to
    undertake an "analysis of foreign work in certain
    unconventional warfare techniques, including behavioral
    drugs, with an initial objective of developing a capability to
    resist or offset the effects of behavioral drugs. Preliminary
    phases included to review drug-related work at institutions
    such as Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Illinois,
    University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, Valley Forge
    General Hospital, Detroit Psychopathic Clinic, Mayo Clinic and
    National Institute of Health (NIH). There was also extensive
    review of foreign literature, particularly work in the Soviet
    Bloc. This program shortly became Project BLUEBIRD, with the
    objectives of (a) discovering means of conditioning
    personnel to prevent unauthorized extraction of information
    from them by known means, (b) investigating the possibility of
    obtaining control of an individual by application of special
    interrogation techniques, (c) memory enhancement, and (d)
    establishing defensive means for preventing hostile control of
    Agency personnel."[2]

    This was evolved to become the blueprint and bible of mind
    control programmes and psychological operations adopted by
    the west for decades afterwards. The result of the Korean War
    which started in June 1950, almost a year after the beginning
    of Project BLUEBIRD, and the return of POWs encouraged
    western intelligence to delve even further into their mind
    control programmes.

    On June 1st, 1951, in the course of a top secret meeting
    held in the Ritz Carlton Hotel in Montreal, Canada, Britain
    and Canada joined forces with the Central Intelligence Agency
    to "Research into the general phenomena indicated by such
    terms as -- "confessions," "menticide," "intervention in the
    individual mind," together with methods concerned in
    psychological coercion, change of opinions and attitudes,
    etcetra."[3]

    The participants that represented senior and renown ranks from
    the military, intelligence and scientific communities were:
    Dr. Haskins, Dr. Donald Hebb (a Defence Research Board
    University Advisor - Canada), Dr. Ormond Solandt (Chairman,
    Defence Research Board - Canada), Dancy (MI6), Dr. N.W. Morton
    (A staff member of Defence Research Board - Canada), Tyhurst,
    Commander Williams, and Sir Henry Tizard (Chairman, Advisory
    Council on Scientific Policy and Defence Research Policy
    Committee, Ministry of Defence, Britain).[4]

    This was the beginning of a close cooperation which lasted
    throughout the BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE and the MKULTRA projects.
    Whilst accidental survival of some of the records on these
    programmes and in particular MKULTRA establishes the
    documentary evidence about Canadian government's involvement
    in MKULTRA programmes, the information on Britain's
    participation or cooperation due to continuous British
    Government's policy of secrecy remains sketchy.[5, and 6]

    "At the opening of the discussion, there was an attempt to lay
    out some of the particular interests with which this group
    might concern itself in reference to the general problem
    described above [confessions, menticide, intervention in the
    individual mind - sic]. In this regard, the following points
    were noted:

    "(i) That the concern with change of opinion was with reference
    to individuals primarily, and to groups only insofar as the
    change of public opinion as a whole or propaganda might
    involve concepts and particular facts that led to increased
    phenomena of conversion of attitude.

    "(ii) The question of permanence of change of attitude induced.

    "(iii) The means of methods; physical, neurophysiological,
    psychological or other -- that might be used to induce change
    of opinion or conversion of attitude in the individual."[7]

    Within the space of three months after this top secret meeting
    "in August 1951 Project BLUEBIRD was renamed Project
    ARTICHOKE, [and] in 1952 was transferred from OSI to the
    predecessor organization of the Office of Security. OSI did
    retain a responsibility for evaluation of foreign
    intelligence aspects of the matter and in 1953 made a proposal
    that experiments be made in testing LSD with Agency
    volunteers." "Meanwhile, the emphasis given ARTICHOKE in the
    predecessor organization to the Office of Security became that
    of use of material such as sodium pentothel in connection with
    interrogation techniques and with polygraph."[8]

    In an attempt to conduct "Experimental Studies of Attitude
    Changes in Individuals," Sir Henry Tizard, Dr. Ormond Solandt
    and the CIA granted contract X-38 to Dr. Donald O. Hebb from
    the McGill University in September 1951.[9]

    The project focused on the use of Sensory Deprivation (SD) and
    isolation for eliciting information in the course of deep
    interrogation. Hebb believed that sensory deprivation would
    induce dramatic changes in the behaviour and attitude. The
    first "subjects used were student group and each was paid $20
    per day (24 hours) for as long as he could continue with the
    experiment."[10] The experimental conditions and environment
    for the volunteer students in comparison to the real victims
    of SD were markedly different. Volunteers were provided with
    an air conditioned room, comfortable bed and good food
    during the period of the experiments, as well as a panic
    button to use whenever they decided to terminate the
    experiment. They wore translucent goggles, forcing them see
    blurred light. "The subject was not to talk except when asking
    to hear the recorded propaganda or when doing minor tests
    given to him by the experimenter. In other words the subject
    was in perpetual isolation."[11] The volunteers were not
    subjected to any propaganda material which would have had
    adverse effects on their political or religious beliefs, "it
    was thought unwise, and for the protection of the individual
    only propaganda material used concerning such relatively
    innocuous topics as ghosts, poltergeist, extrasensory
    perception and the Lamarckian theory of evolution."[12]
    Despite the concessionary factors several of the volunteers
    began to have experiences of unusual visual and auditory
    hallucinations. Many found themselves unable to distinguish
    between the waking and sleep stage. Another person whose work
    result was taken into consideration was Dr. Mackworth of the
    Applied Psychology Unit of the Medical Research Council at
    Cambridge, England. He had produced work on the effect of
    monotony and boredom during isolation period on individual.
    The fact of existence of similar programmes on the sensory
    deprivation and isolation, and the cooperation between the
    three countries is further confirmed by Dr. Solandt's comments
    that the fact that Canadians were making such contribution in
    this field may be of some advantage in obtaining information
    in the same field from the US and the UK.[13]

    "Hebb's research to date has given some indication that
    significant changes in attitude can be brought about by use
    of propaganda under condition of isolation. In addition,
    [Hebb] has shown that there is a significant decrease in
    intellectual efficiency under such conditions, and a marked
    increase in susceptibility to hallucination."[14]
    When the information concerning the SD tests were leaked
    out and published in the Montreal Star, the Gazette and
    Toronto Star, in 1954. Dr. Solandt tried his best to conceal
    the facts; "When earlier this month it became evident that
    some information on this project was in the hands of the
    Press, it was decided that while it would be injudicious to
    reveal the original purpose of the project, it would be
    equally unwise to refuse to give any information at all. A
    compromise was therefore arranged whereby the project was
    described, but entirely from the point of view of possible
    implications for civilian or military operational situations
    in which a display had to be watched, a moving vehicle
    controlled etc."[15]

    Due to Donald Hebb's contribution to mind control programmes,
    the CIA afterward funded Ewen Cameron's Psychic Drive Project
    through MKULTRA Subproject 68. At the time Hebb was the head
    of McGill's Psychology Department, and a close friend and
    colleague of Cameron. Cameron's work in the "Psychic Drive"
    programme left behind a legacy of despair and numerous
    victims which sued both the Canadian Government and the CIA
    years later.

    Dr. John C. Lilly, another psychologist, studied sensory
    deprivation in 1956 by immersing volunteers in a tank of
    lukewarm water. The subjects had to wear particular type of
    face mask enabling them to see only blurred light. Under total
    silence and lack of any stimulation the subjects were unable
    to concentrate, and in some cases developed mental
    disturbances. The maximum time a volunteer could tolerate
    these conditions was only three hours. The volunteers reported
    feelings of unreality and tremendous loss of identification.
    They did not know where they were, or who they were, or what
    was happening to them. Due to this enormous mental pressure
    most of them abandoned the experiment.[16]

    The concept of experiments in SD soon proliferated. Donald Hebb
    was granted further contracts by the US Air Force for further
    research and experiments into SD.[17] Biderman and Zimmer
    (1961) also conducted extensive research on interrogation
    techniques using SD, funded by the US Air Force.[18] Vernon,
    another researcher in this subject admitted in the
    "Acknowledgement" of his book "Inside the Black Room," "The
    entire project was made possible by a generous grant-in-aid of
    research given by the Office of Surgeon General of the US
    Army, and by the National Science Foundation." Unashamedly, he
    went on to add in his book "While our goal is pure knowledge
    for its own sake, we have no objection to someone's use of
    that knowledge."[19]

    There are three aspects in the development and the use of the
    Sensory Depravation. First; the requirement for more
    experimental studies, researching the basic effects of the SD
    and sleep deprivation. Second; the use of these techniques in
    interrogation. Third; their utilization in special warfare
    techniques by specialized troops. It was the accumulation of
    that knowledge which gave birth to the modern Psychological
    Operations, and subsequently enabled the British Government,
    on August 9, 1971, to unleash one of its biggest deep
    interrogation experiments, using torture and sensory
    deprivation, plausibly denied by the Government at the time
    as a political exercise against terrorism, on Irish
    internees. Lord Parker admitted that the SD methods used on
    the Irish internees were "techniques developed since war to
    deal with a number of situations involving internal security.
    Some or all have played an important part in counter
    insurgency operations in Palestine, Malaya, Kenya and Cyprus
    and more recently in the British Cameroon (1960-61), Bruni
    (1963), British Guyana (1964), Aden (1965-66), and the Persian
    Gulf (1970-71)."[20] Indeed, the first NATO symposium on
    defence psychology was held in Paris in 1960, a couple of
    years after F.H. Lakin, from the Army Operation Research
    Establishment in Britain, travelled to Fort Bragg addressing a
    conference on human factors in military affairs on British
    Psychological Warfare Techniques in Malaya.[21] In 1963 the
    US Department of Defense held its first Worldwide Psyops
    Conference, outlining twenty-eight specific areas, Britain as
    on of its main participants.

    The Northern Ireland's unprecedented operations, due to the
    nature of their severity and repeated breaches of various
    Articles of Human Rights Convention, forced Amnesty
    International, Association of Legal Justice, Committee on
    the Administration of Justice (Northern Ireland), as well as
    the European Court of Human Rights to intervene, adding their
    voice and concern to the plight of the victims.[22] A great
    number of internees after undergoing horrendous experiments
    were subsequently released without any charges.

    Many of the original fourteen victims of the first phase of these
    gruesome experiments "were made to sign a paper that they had
    no complaints about the treatment during interrogation. Those
    who signed the paper implied that they did so because they
    were frightened, or because they did not understand the
    contents."[23] Several of them suffered from deep psychological
    scars for years afterwards, and some continue their suffering.
    Some died shortly after this experiments. A few attempted
    suicide during their captivity and interrogation.[24]

    Amnesty International report stated; "As a result of its
    investigation, the Commission concludes that the
    ill-treatment used in these cases clearly amounted to
    brutality, and disagree with the Compton Committee when they
    state: "Where we have concluded that physical ill-treatment
    took place, we are not making a finding of brutality on the
    part of those who handled these complaints (paragraph 105)."
    "The officials who gave evidence to the Compton Committee also
    said that one of the purposes of the hooding and continuous
    noise [white noise - author] was to increase the sense of
    isolation, so it is obvious that the methods used during
    interrogation in depth were therefore intended to affect
    the recipients psychologically."[25]

    "In the opinion of the Commission, the interrogation in depth
    especially, but also the "special exercises", constitute
    violation of Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human
    Rights and Article 3 of the European Convention for the
    protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms."[26]

    In their memorandum submitted by Amnesty International to the
    Parker Committee on Interrogation Procedures, they stated; "It
    is because we regard the deliberate destruction of a man's
    ability to control his own mind with revulsion that we reserve
    a special place in our catalogue of moral crimes for
    techniques of thought control and brainwashing. Any
    interrogation procedure which has the purpose or effect of
    causing a malfunction or breakdown of a man's mental processes
    constitutes as grave as assault on the inherent dignity of
    the human person as more traditional techniques of physical
    torture."[27]

    In 1970, the World Conference on Religion and Peace, held in
    Kyoto, Japan, where the representatives of all the world's
    religions were present, the conference made the following
    declaration on torture and ill-treatment of prisoners; "The
    torture and ill-treatment of prisoners which is carried out
    with the authority of some governments constitute not only a
    crime against humanity, but also a crime against the moral
    law."[28]

    Britain is regarded as an expert in psychological operations,
    and has regularly been invited to give demonstrations and hold
    seminars, notably at Fort Bragg, Carolina; Fort Huachuca,
    Arizona; Bad Tolz, Germany. For a time they were also
    instructing the P.I.D.E. Portuguese secret police until to
    their embarrassment, they discovered that since the Army coup
    they had for sometime been giving lectures in
    counter-insurgency and torture to Latin American guerrillas,
    whom Communist members of the Portuguese Army had infiltrated.
    [29]

    Britain holds its main psychological operation courses at Ashford
    in Kent, Caterrick in Yorkshire, Bradbury Lines (The SAS camp
    in Hereford) and Old Sarum in Wiltshire, where psyops courses
    for RAF officers are held. On average 16 men, consisting of
    Green Jackets, SAS, Royal Marines and Royal Artillery,
    together with members from the Ministry of Defence (MOD) and
    Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), take part.[30]

    The existence of psyop courses which includes the demonstration
    and the use of sensory deprivation was kept secret until
    Robert Brown, the UK Army Minister was forced to admit in
    1976. Approximately 250 take these courses every year. Frank
    Kitson,[31] one of the organizers of psyop courses, had
    complained about the small number of 18 taking part in Old
    Sarum. According to British Government figures up to 1976,
    262 civilians and 1858 Army officers had taken these courses.

    The SAS training courses in the Bracon Beacons, also includes
    sensory deprivation as part of its toughening up policy.

    As further experiments Sensory deprivation was applied through
    the Control Units in British prisons. The very nature and
    existence of these units were kept secret by the British
    Home Office. The Control Unit at the Wakefield Prison was one
    of the first to receive its first share of inmates in August
    1974, to be subjected to SD. The concept was to break down
    the troublesome prisoners using modified version of SD. Sunday
    Times Insight Team uncovered the existence of these units and
    the purpose of their creation, in October 1974. As result of
    publicity and sever criticism UK Government was forced to
    disband its Control Units in Wakefield and Wormwood Scrubs
    prisons. The "Treatment" designed for a period of six months
    was divided into two parts. Sensory deprivation was the main
    focal point. In the first 90 days, a strict solitary
    confinement, with almost no communication was applied to the
    inmate. If result proved successful, the victim was allowed
    to have a limited amount of communication in the next three
    months phase. Otherwise, the entire phase one would have been
    repeated -- more solitary confinement. No conversation between
    the prisoner and the guards were allowed, only gestures were
    permitted.

    John Masterson was the first inmate subjected to this "Treatment"
    in 1974. With no positive results, and more psychological
    scars left on the victims, eventually on May 20, 1976, Dr.
    Pickering, ex-Director of Prison Medical Service admitted in
    BBC's "Man Alive" programme, that "control units were a
    mistake." It is ironic, since he was in charge when John
    Masterson was subjected to this mental torture.

    Roy Jenkins, the Home Secretary at the time expressed his
    satisfaction about these units and their operations. "I am
    satisfied that the safeguard and procedures are such that the
    trained staff of Wakefield are able to maintain a careful and
    caring watch on the progress and condition of prisoners in the
    control unit."[32]

    A year after he was still adamant that; "I am satisfied that
    allegations, which have received considerable publicity, of
    sensory deprivation, cruelty and brutality in the unit, are
    completely unfounded and that the Governor and staff have
    conducted themselves in a commendably professional
    manner."[33] Yes, but what about the fate of the victims?

    What started in Ritz Carlton Hotel in 1951, came to full
    fruition in 1971, throughout the ordeal of Ulster guinea pigs.
    As Professor Robert Daly[34] stressed; "The whole SD process
    in Northern Ireland was a package deal. Being awaken in
    the middle of the night, being beaten, confused as to your
    whereabouts, lied to and insulted, was all part of the
    'unfreezing process' through which your psychological
    defences were broken down, and terror and humiliation were
    induced. Hence, the photographing in the nude, being forced
    to urinate while running, refusal to allow toilet visits, the
    sadism and abuse. Meanwhile the psychological functions of
    the body were being disturbed by the very low or non-existent
    intake of calories, high temperature caused by sweating which
    could lead to dehydration, coupled with the cold at night,
    sleep deprivation and loss of sense of touch. The whole
    experience was a package. Whether you want to call it
    interrogation in depth or brain washing is academic. The aim
    of the treatment was to cause temporary psychosis, temporary
    insanity, which was a severe psychological injury liable to
    having lasting consequences."[35]

    Like the CIA, Britain too, as part of its mind control operation
    applied hallucinogenic drugs -- LSD, on unwitting subjects,
    including the Irish internees;

    "Mr. Murphy alleges; He was given tea and says that after
    drinking he saw images on the wall."[36]

    "Mr. Bradley alleges; He suffered from hallucination after
    drinking a cup of tea."[37]

    Despite Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
    which guarantees "the free development of ...personality," and
    "in spite of the various United Nations provisions concerning
    the personal integrity of individuals, no state is expressly
    precluded from altering the mental processes of its
    nationals."[38]

    "The price of freedom is eternal vigilance," said Albert Camus.
    Nowhere is this more clear than in the protection of freedom
    of the mind, our most precious human right.[39]

    Armen Victorian

    June 1996.

    REFERENCES:

    1. CIA memorandum "An Analysis of Confession in Russian Trials,"
    1950. Also see "Are the Cominform Countries Using Hypnotic
    Techniques to Elicit Confession in Public Trials?" By;
    Irving L. Janis; US Air Force Project Rand Memorandum, April
    25, 1971.

    2. "Behavior Drugs, and Testing," Feb. 5, 1975. CIA document.

    3. Documents from the collection of the Manuscript Division,
    Library of Congress.

    4. Tizard, Sir Henry Thomas, born 23 August 1885, GCB, AFC, FRS,
    LLD, DSc, ScD, and holder of other titles (see Who is Who
    1951, and Who is Who 1951-1960).

    5. op. cit. 3.

    6. In 1973 several key documents on the CIA's mind control
    programmes were destroyed on the order of Richard Helms, the
    CIA Director.

    7. op. cit. 3.

    8. op. cit. 2.

    9. "Confidential" letter, Dr. Solandt, August 3, 1954.

    10. ibid.

    11. ibid.

    12. ibid.

    13. ibid., and Dr. Solandt's conversation
    with author 1989.

    14. Letter to "The Minister", Ormond Solandt, Jan. 25, 1954.

    15. ibid.

    16. John C. Lilly, "Mental Effects of Reduction of Ordinary
    Levels of Physical Stimuli on Intact Healthy Persons,"
    Psychological Research Report 5, 1966, pp. 1-9. Also see
    Bexton et al., "The Effects of Decreased Variation in the
    Sensory Environment," Canadian Journal of Psychology, vol. 8,
    1954, pp. 70-76.

    17. National Defence Headquarters [Canada] letter to author,
    dated April 18, 1994. Also see D.O. Hebb et al., "The Effects
    of Isolation Upon Attitudes, Motivation and Thought," 4th
    Symposium, Military Medicine I, Defence Research Board,
    Canada, Dec. 1952 (Secret), and; D.O. Hebb and W. Heron,
    "Effects of Radical Isolation Upon Intellectual Functions
    and The Manipulation of Attitudes," 4th Symposium, Military
    Medicine I, Defence Research Board, Canada, Dec. 1952
    (Secret).

    18. Biderman, Zimmer, "The Manipulation of Human Behaviour,"
    Wiley, New York, 1961.

    19. J. Vernon, "Inside the Black Room: Studies of Sensory
    Deprivation," Penguin 1966.

    20. Parker Report, Cmnd. 4901 (HMSO), para 10.

    21. F.H. Lakin from Army Operational Research Establishment
    (AORE), Britain, described the British Psychological Warfare
    research in Malaya between 1952-55. He was in charge of a nine
    man research team responsible to AORE, and the Research
    Division of the Director General of the Information Services
    [then the Federation of Malaya]. For six months two men from
    the Operational Research Office of John Hopkins University,
    Maryland, worked closely with his team, plus an Australian
    army psychologist.

    22. Also see; 1. "Repression Trade - (UK) Limited," How the UK
    Makes Torture and Death its Business. By Amnesty
    International, British Section 1992. 2. "Submission to the
    United Nations Committee Against Torture," for consideration
    during the Committee's scrutiny of UK Government's Report.
    Committee on the Administration of Justice (Affiliated of the
    International Federation of Human Rights), Nov. 13, 1993. 3.
    "A Submission to; the United Nation's Human Rights Committee,"
    Containing Comments on the Forth Periodic Report by the United
    Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Human
    Rights Committee under Article 40 of the International
    Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. By; Committee on the
    Administration of Justice, June 1995.

    23. "Report Of An Enquiry Into Allegation of Ill-Treatment in
    Northern Ireland," Amnesty International, p.26.

    24. For a more detailed account of the fate of the internees see
    "The Guineapigs," John McGuffin.

    25. op. cit. 23, p.36.

    26. ibid.

    27. op. cit. 23, p.38.

    28. Findings of The World Conference on Religion and Peace,
    p. 31.

    29. In answer to a Parliamentary Question, Archie Hamilton, the
    British Minister of State for Defence listed 100 countries to
    which UK provides military training of various nature
    including Portugal, and other countries with notorious track
    records in violation of Human Rights, e.g. China, Chile, Iraq,
    Uganda, South Korea, Egypt, Turkey. He fails to add Cambodia
    to the list -- See John Pilger's "Cambodia: Year Ten."

    30. "Precis 6: Psyop unit - General," Training Report, Senior
    Officers' Psyop Course, Royal Air Force, Old Sarum, Salisbury,
    Wiltshire, UK February 14/18, 1972. A British document devoted
    to the organization and equipment of psyops unit, both at
    headquarters, and broken down into subsections; Consolidation
    Psyops; Counter-Insurgency uses and their use in peacetime, as
    well as details of deployment of psyop units in UK. Also,
    "Technical Report of the Senior Officers' Psyop Course Held at
    RAF Old Sarum, 14-18, Feb. 1972." This course clarifies the
    parallel nature of the British psyops with that of US Army's.
    Amongst people that have addressed these courses are; Keith
    Belbin, of Coleman, Prentice and Valery [Advertising Agency]
    on recruitment. Peter Bartlett on target analysis with
    reference to the Chinese use in Hong Kong. R.M. Farr [a
    psychologist from British Psychological Society] on attitude
    change, and B.R. Johnston on information policy in low
    intensity operations, mainly in Northern Ireland.

    31. Now Sir Frank Kitson, Commander of the 39th Infantry Brigade
    Northern Ireland between 1970-72. Author of "Low Intensity
    Operation: Subversion," London, Faber and Faber; and
    "Insurgency Peace-Keeping," London, Faber and Faber 1971.
    Also, see "The Technology of Political Control," by; Ackroyd,
    Margolis, Rosenhead and Shalice. Pluto Press 1980, and "The
    Silent Conspiracy," Stephen Dorril (William Heineman Ltd.),
    1993.

    32. House of Commons, [British Parliament] November 14, 1974.

    33. House of Commons, October 24, 1975.

    34. Professor Robert Daly, expert in Sensory deprivation. A
    graduate from Dublin University. Instructor in psychiatry at
    the University of North Carolina. Later a lecturer at
    Edinburgh University before taking post at the University
    College, Cork.

    35. Robert Daly; "Psychiatric After-effects of Irish Prisoners
    Subjected to Ill-Treatment and Torture," New Scientist, August
    5, 1976.

    36. op. cit. 23, p. 14.

    37. op. cit. 23, p. 23.

    38. Garland E. Burrell, Jr., "Mental Privacy: An International
    Safeguard to Governmental Intrusion into the Mental
    Processes," 6 California Western International Law Journal.

    39. Alan Scheflin, "Freedom of The Mind As An International Human
    Rights Issue," Human Rights Law Journal, Vol. 3, 1982.

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