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         MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 42b * [Part 2 of 3 parts]
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         V E R I C O M M / MindNet         "Quid veritas est?"
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    Editor: Mike Coyle

    Contributing Editors: Walter Bowart
                          Alex Constantine
                          Martin Cannon

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    Research: Darrell Bross

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    [Continued from part 1]

       The result of this rethinking has been the acceptance by many
    scientists that intrinsic electromagnetic fields play a key role
    in a wide range of biological functions, including embryogenesis,
    bone repair, and information transfer and storage, particularly
    in the central nervous system. I addition, many scientists and
    researchers have speculated as the adverse effects of EM fields
    on biological systems. Some recent work using the concepts of
    chaos dynamics may have a major impact upon how one looks at
    external systems interactions with biological systems. Scientists
    have known for some time that chaotic behavior of systems exists
    in physics and chemistry. More recently its mathematics on
    nonlinear differential equations has been applied to biology.
       In simple terms, systems will behave "normally" over a wide
    range of conditions then suddenly shift into a chaotic mode when
    a single parameter (among many) moves through a critical value.
    Thus a tiny change in one parameter can result in a drastic
    alterations in the behavior of a system. Dr. Rapp of the Medical
    College of Pennsylvania has suggested that epileptic behavior and
    other convulsions may be the result of chaotic behavior within
    the central nervous system. He cites theoretical evidence that
    suggest that neural networks are capable of shifting into chaotic
    behavior. Guerara and others have recently reported the onset of
    chaotic behavior in chicken heart cells when stimulated by
    electrical signals at specific frequencies and amplitudes. It has
    also been shown that normal breathing takes place at certain
    frequencies and amplitudes, but not at others. Animals forced to
    breathe at certain unnatural frequencies develop severe
    respiratory distress.
       This past year, Dr. Adey has evaluated a Soviet LIDA medical
    instrument that has been claimed to induce sleep. The instrument
    can produce pulsed sound, light heat, and electromagnetic energy.
    The four modalities can be useful all together, singly, or of any
    combination of the four. Soviet medical literature contains
    claims that the use of the instrument will benefit "inorganically
    caused neuropsychic and somatic disorders, such as neuroses,
    insomnia and hypertension." Their concept of what is "inorganic"
    is questionable and why they seem to relate to hypertension with
    neuroses and psychoses is unknown.
       According to Dr. Adey's report, electromagnetic fields may
    induce a slower rate of state transitions in cats. The
    electromagnetic field alone was capable of prolonging particular
    sleep states. The efficacy of the EM field alone to prolong a
    sleep state was less than when combined with either visual or
    auditory stimuli. The use of visual and auditory stimuli without
    the electromagnetic field also shifted sleep patterns to deeper
    levels, but did not alter rates of state transitions. Dr. Adey
    felt that there may be a synergistic action between the
    electromagnetic field and the rhythmic sensory stimuli to achieve
    sustained states at one sleep level--a condition that was not
    present when any single stimulus was delivered alone.
       The instrument used in the Soviet experiments was considered
    to be of 1950s technology, using a self-excited oscillator and
    vacuum tubes. The center frequency was 40 megahertz, but
    harmonic and spurious radiations in excess of 1 gigahertz were
    noted. The pulse duration was 0.3 seconds with a repetition rate
    of 10 to 100 pulses per minute. Reports in the literature state
    that many newer and more effective models have been developed.
       In a recent paper, Ubeda, Delgado, and others reported that
    the pulse shape of a pulsed magnetic field has an influence upon
    the development of chicken embryos. They reported that using
    four different-shaped pulses resulted in differing effects on
    the embryos. The first signal had a rise time of 100
    microseconds with a declining plateau. The second signal was
    basically a square wave with a rise time of 2 microseconds. The
    third had a rise time of 42 microseconds with a secondary
    modulation throughout the signal. The forth signal also had a
    rise time of 42 microseconds without the superimposed modulation.
    All pulses had a 500-microsecond duration and a repetition of
    100 hertz. The results showed that some wave forms interfered
    with embryogenesis while others did not. A windowing effect also
    noted with the exposure intensities: some effects were noted at
    low intensities but not at higher intensities.
       Windowing of both frequency and power amplitude have also been
    reported by other investigators. The phenomenon was first
    reported by Adey and his coworkers in the early seventies, but
    until recently has not been widely accepted as an important
    parameter. The specific wave form and windowing of both the
    frequency and amplitude may have very specific biological targets
    and effects. Bassett has reported that in his laboratory recent
    studies have shown that the voltage wave form induced by a given
    pulse appears characteristically different in various tissues and
    organs. He goes on to state that it is possible to identify the
    tissue type by an analysis of the frequency response pattern,
    using fast Fourier transforms.
       Most scientists in the United States have discounted many of
    the Soviet reports that exposure to the low levels of
    electromagnetic radiation causes these types of biological
    effects. Until recently many scientists believed both that
    thermal heating was the only mechanism which could produce
    biological effects at that levels reported in the Soviet and East
    European literature could not induce a significant thermal burden
    in the human body and thus could not produce any biological
    effects. The second major reason for disbelief was the attempt by
    early researchers to duplicate some of the Soviet research and
    their failure to find similar results. Those failures to
    replicate the Soviet work were the result of several factors,
    which include the lack of sufficient details in Soviet reports as
    to their exact protocols; like of similar equipment: use of
    different frequencies: and use of higher power levels and finding
    no effects, and so assuming--without checking--that lower levels
    would also show no effects. And in some cases the reports were
    not valid in the first place. Even in the Soviet literature one
    finds many contradictions and so must read and evaluate it with a
    critical eye.
       Current research in chaotic behavior has shown that the
    alteration of only one parameter to a critical phase can induce
    chaotic behavior with drastic outcomes. It is not too difficult
    to envision that electromagnetic systems could interact with the
    electrical signal in cardiac muscle. If the proper parameters
    were utilized, several possible results could be produced. These
    include auricular and ventricular fibrillation, or complete
    asystole with a resultant fatal outcome.
       Past research has shown both altered behavior in animals and
    altered electroencephalograms (EEG) in both humans and animals.
    What these EEG changes mean in practical terms to humans at the
    present time is difficult to say, since we still like a great
    deal of knowledge and there is much controversy about what a
    "normal" EEG means. It is currently impossible to understand and
    to predict how an altered EEG can influence behavior and the
    cognitive processes of an individual. Some current research
    provides a few clues that altering brain waves can have a major
    impact on a person's cognitive and overt behavior. In this
    regard, some people have even speculated that electromagnetism
    has already been used for this purpose.(17)
       Some recent theoretical research has looked at the classical
    neuronal synapse and proposed that the size of the synaptic space
    is so small that rather than a pure chemical event taking place,
    it must be a quantum mechanical event. Classically it has been
    assumed that an action potential transverses down the axion and
    directly stimulates these vesicules to release their chemical
    neurotransmitter, which then cross the synapse and trigger the
    second neuron to fire its action potential. If it is true that
    the event is quantum mechanical in nature then the following
    events may be taking place rather than events envisioned in the
    classical chemical concept. The action potential descends down
    the axion and produces a bias across the synaptic junction, which
    then induces electron tunneling in a reverse direction, which in
    turn causes a conformational change in the vesicules. This
    conformational change causes these vesicules to release their
    neurotransmitter. The mechanism also involves leakage currents
    from nearby neurons and perineuronal cells. The cells are
    "talking" to each other so that the system is far more complex
    than once thought. These quantum mechanical events being
    statistical in nature and depending upon crosstalk from other
    cells instead of a pure internal electrical conductance within
    the single cell, infer that the complex system will be
    susceptible to external nonlinear electromagnetic influences. The
    disruption of neural pathways can lead to a multitude of effects.
    With today's sophisticated weapon systems, one does not have to
    totally disable individuals to render then inefficient for
    combat. For example, if their timing is altered or their
    cognitive processes are degraded these individuals may be unable
    to operate their equipment (fly their aircraft, make the proper
    decision with computer-operated systems, or successfully complete
    related action).
       Because of the many parameters involved and the apparent
    specificity of each parameter, one can tailor a specific
    response. The ability to have this kind of flexibility provides
    an enormous range of option to the user. It opens the door for
    providing the appropriate response in warfare, be it conventional
    or unconventional. There are still many unanswered questions
    concerning this technology. To date, the vast majority of
    research done in this country has focused on using single
    frequency sources with standard parameters. No one has used
    multiple frequencies during a single exposure, nor has anyone
    tried to manipulate the parameters to produce biological effects.
    Up to the present time the majority of scientists in the United
    States have assumed that a "microwave is a microwave," and
    research done at one frequency would be applicable to any
    frequency in the same region. We now know that the experiment
    must be frequency specific, but how specific? Does this change
    for various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum? There are
    unconfirmed reports that a change of .01 hertz can make a
    difference. Most scientist still do not believe that this small a
    change in frequency will make a difference. Yet, Rapp has shown
    that a frequency-encoded signal can act as a trigger for the
    release of amylase from the salivary glands of the blowfly
    (Calliphora exythocephalla). The variation in the frequency that
    modified the release of the enzyme was from 0.00 hertz to 0.056
    hertz. In this study the stimulus was the chemical
    5-hydroxytryptaime. What is of particular interest is that the
    original chemical interaction was converted to a digital
    frequency oscillation. The general reaction was analog to digital
    and back to analog. A fundamental question is, could the same
    response be obtained by bypassing the initial chemical (analog)
    input and stimulate the cell directly with and electromagnetic
    signal at these same frequencies. The results of this experiment
    certainly indicate that a narrow specific frequency may be
    required to obtain specific results.
       Contrary to the Soviets' materialistic approach to this area
    and their utilization of electromagnetic radiation as an
    explanation for all such events, it is doubtful that most such
    events can be attributed to electromagnetic fields. Nevertheless,
    the evidence does indicate that certain functions and
    capabilities in the area can be enhanced with the proper use of
    electromagnetic fields. But, again this area has received very
    little attention. Certainly adequate research by competent
    scientists has not been done.
       A large portion of this paper may read like Buck Rogers and
    the twenty-first century. Many readers will say that some of the
    ideas and concepts do not fit with their current concepts and
    theories of physics and biology. This may be true in part, but
    then most of the medical science I learned in medical school more
    than 25 years ago is not valid today. Certainly the concepts in
    this paper will not fit with classical physics. One is reminded
    of the trite saying that the science fiction of today is the
    scientific facts of tomorrow. I think this philosophy was
    elegantly stated by Werner Eisenberg in a speech given in 1934.

      Now that we know all our journeying can only bring us back to
      our starting point, we realize that we are unable to reach full
      understanding no matter how far we travel. The infinity of the
      universe lies outside this path. In quite a similar way modern
      physics has shown that the structure of classical physics--as
      that of modern physics--is complete in itself. Classical
      physics extends just as far as the conceptions which forms
      its basis can be applied. But these conceptions already fail
      us when applied to the process of nuclear physics, and much
      more so in the case of all fields of science which are even
      further removed from classical physics. This is the hope of
      understanding all aspects of intellectual life on the
      principles of classical physics is no more justified than the
      hope of the traveler who believes that he will have obtained
      the answer to all problems once he has journeyed to the end
      of the world.

      Yet the misunderstanding, that the transformations in exact
      science have brought to light certain limits to the
      application of rational thinking, must be immediately be
      countered. A narrow field of application is given to certain
      ways of thought only, and not to rational thought in general.
      The discovery that the earth is not the world, but only a
      small and discrete part of the world, has enabled us to
      relegate to its proper position the illusory "end of the
      world" concept, and instead to map the whole surface of the
      earth accurately. In a similar way modern physics has purged
      classical physics of its arbitrary belief in its unlimited
      application. It has shown that some parts of our science, e.g.,
      mechanics, electricity, and quantum theory, present scientific
      systems complete in themselves, rational and capable of
      complete investigation. They state their respective natural
      laws, probably correctly, for all time. The essence of this
      statement is given by the phrase "completeness in itself"
      (Abgeschlossenheit). The most important new result of nuclear
      physics was the recognition of the possibility of applying
      quite different types of natural laws, without contradiction,
      to one and the same physical event. This is due to the fact
      that within a system of laws which are based on certain
      fundamental ideas only certain quite definite ways of asking
      questions make sense, and thus, that such a system is
      separated from others which allow different questions to be
      put. Thus, the transition in science from previously
      investigated fields of experience to new ones will never
      consist simply of the application of already known laws to
      these new fields. On the contrary, a really new field of
      experience will always lead to the crystallization of a
      new system of scientific concepts and laws. They will be no
      less capable of rational analysis than the old ones, but
      their nature will be fundamentally different. It is for
      this reason that modern physics adopt an attitude very
      different from classical physics toward all those fields
      not yet included into its investigations. Let us, for
      example, consider the problems concerned with the
      existence of living organisms. From the standpoint of modern
      physics, according to Bohr, we should expect the laws
      characteristic of these organisms to be separated from the
      purely physical laws in a rational and accurately
      comprehensive manner, just as, say quantum theory is
      separate from classical mechanics. A similar solution
      will, on a smaller scale, apply to the investigation into
      the properties of the atomic nucleus, which occupies the
      center of interest in contemporary physics. The edifice of
      exact science can hardly be looked upon as a consistent and
      coherent unit in the naive way we had hoped. Simply
      following the prescribed route from any given point will
      not lead to all other rooms of this building; for it
      consists of specific parts, and though each of these is
      connected to the others by many passageways and each may
      encompass some others or be encompassed by others,
      nevertheless each is a unit complete in itself. The advance
      from the parts already completed to the newly discovered,
      or newly erected, demands each time an intellectual jump,
      which cannot be achieved through the simple development of
      already existing knowledge.(19)

    Notes

      1. _Final Report on Biotechnology Research Requirements for
    Aeronautical Systems Through the Year 2000_, AFOSR-TR-82-0643,
    vol. 1 and vol. 2, 30  July 1982.
      2. C.E. Durney, M.F. Iskander, H. Massoudi, S.J.Allen, and J.C.
    Mitchell, _Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook_, 3d ed.,
    SAM-TR-80-32, Brooks AFB, Texas (1980), 136.
      3. For detailed discussions of this research, see C.A.L.
    Bassett, A.A. Pitla et al., "A Nonoperative Salvage of Surgically
    Resistant Pseudarthroses and Nonunions by Pulsing Electromagnetic
    Fields." _Clinical Orthopaedics_ 124 (1977), 128-43; C.A.L.
    Bassett, N. Caulo et al., "Congenial 'Pseudarthroses' of the
    Tibia--Treatment with Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields," Clinical
    Orthopaedics 154 (1981), 136-49; C.A.L. Bassett, S.N. Mitchell et
    al., "Treatment of Ununified Tibial Diaphyseal Fractures with
    Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields," _Journal of Bone Joint Surgery
    63:A (1981), 511-23; C.A.L. Bassett, S.N. Mitchell et al.,
    "Pulsing Electromagnetic Field Treatment in Ununited Fractures
    and Failed Arthroses," _Journal of American Medical Association_
    247 (1982), 623-28; C.A.L. Bassett, "Biomedical Implications of
    Pulsing Electromagnetic  Fields," _Surgical Rounds_ (January
    1983), 22-31; J.S. Kort et al., "Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the
    Tibia: Treatment with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields, The
    International Experience," _Clinical Orthopaedics_ 165 (1982),
    124-37; L. Sedal, P. Christel et al., "Resultants de le
    stimulation par champ electromagnetique de la  consolidation des
    psuedarthroses, apropos de 37 cas," _Review of Chiropractic
    Orthopaedics_ 67 (1981), 11-23; W.J. Sharrard, M.L. Sutcliff et
    al., "The Treatment of Fibrous Nonunion of Fractures by Pulsing
    Electromagnetic Stimulation," _Journal of Bone Joint Surgery_
    64:B (1982), 189-93; and M.L. Sutcliff and A.A.J. Goldberg, "The
    Treatment of Congenital Psuedarthrosis of the Tibia with Pulsing
    Electromagnetic Fields, A Survey of 52 Cases," _Clinical
    Orthopaedics 166 (1982), 45-57.
      4. R. Goodman, C.A.L. Bassett, and A.S. Henderson, "Pulsing
    Electromagnetic Fields Induce Cellular Transcription," _Science_
    220 (17 June 1983): 1283-85.
      5. F. Kremer, C. Koschnitzke, L. Santo, P. Quick, and A.
    Paglitsch, "The Nonthermal Effect of Millimeter Wave Radiation on
    the Puffing of Giant Chromosomes," in H. Frohlich and F. Kremer,
    eds., _Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems_ )Berlin:
    Springer-Verlag, 1983).
      6. A.F. Lawrence and W.R. Adey, "Nonlinear Wave Mechanisms in
    Interactions Between Excitable Tissue and Electromagnetic
    Fields," _Neurological Research_ 4:1/2 (1982), 115-53.
      7. P.E. Rapp, A.I. Mees, and C.T. Sparrow, "Frequency Encoded
    Biochemical Regulation Is More Accurate Than Amplitude Dependent
    Control," _Theoretical Biology_ 90 (1981), 531-44.
      8. J.M.R. Delgado, J. Leal, J.L. Monteaguo, and M.G. Garcia,
    "Embryological Changes Induced by Weak, Extremely Low Frequency
    Electromagnetic Fields," _Journal of Anatomy_ 134 (1982), 533-51.
      9. Bassett, Pilla et al., "Treatment"; Bassett, Mitchell et
    al., "Pulsing Electromagnetic Field Treatment"; and Bassett,
    "Biomedical Implications."
      10. Kort et al., "Congenital Psuedarthroses."
      11. M.R. Guerara, L. Glass, and A. Shrier, "Phase Lacking,
    Period- Doubling Bifurcations and Irregular Dynamics in
    Periodically Stimulated Cardiac cells," _Science_ 214 (1981),
    1350-53.
      12. Ibid.
      13. W.R. Adey, "Possible behavioral Effects Produced by Pulsed
    RF  Fields from Soviet `LIDA' Medical Therapy Instrument,"
    contact report N60921, NSWC, October 1983.
      14. A. Ubeda, J. Leal, M.A. Trillo, M.A. Jimanez, and J.M.R.
    Delgado, "Pulse Shape of Magnetic Fields Influence Chick
    Embryogensis," _Journal of Anatomy_, in press.
      15. W.R. Adey, "Tissue Interactions with Nonionizing
    Electromagnetic Fields," _Physiology Review 61 (1981), 435-514;
    S.M. Bawin, W.R. Adey , and I.M. Sabbot, "Ionic Factors in
    Release of 45/Ca from Chicken  Cerebral Tissue in Electromagnetic
    Fields," _Proceedings of National Academy of Science_ (USA) 75
    (1978), 6314-18; S.M. Bawin, L.K. Kaczmarek, and W.R. Adey,
    "Effects of Modulated VHF Fields on the Cerebral Nervous
    System," _Annals of NY Academy of Science_ 247 (1975), 74-81;
    C.S. Blackman, J.A. Elder, C.M. Weil, S.G. Beunane, D.C.
    Eichinger, and D.E. Hause, "Induction of Calcium Ion Efflux from
    Brain Tissue by Radiofrequency Radiation: Effects of Modulation
    Frequency and Field Strength," _Radio Science_ 14 (1979), 93-98.
      16. Bassett, "Biomedical Implications."
      17. M. Ebon, _Psychio Warfare_ (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983),
    118-20.
      18. Rapp, Mees, and Sparrow, "Frequency Encoded Biochemical
    Regulation."
      19. Werner Eisenberg, speech to the first general session on
    the  occasion of the general meeting of the Gesellschaft duetsher
    Naturforscher and Aserzte, Hanover, 17 September 1934. Originally
    published in Naturwissenshaften 1934, 22 Jabrg., Heft 40.

    OTHER REFERENCES

      E. Aarholt, E.A. Flinn, and L.W. Smith, "Magnetic Fields Affect
    the Lac  Operon System," _Physics, Medicine, and Biology_ 27
    (1982), 606-10.
      W.R. Adey, "Models of Membranes of Cerebral Cells as Substrates
    for Information Storage," _Biosystems_ 8 (1977), 163-78.
      S.M. Bawin, A.R. Sheppard, and W.R. Adey, "Possible Mechanism
    of Weak Electromagnetic Field Complexing in Brain Tissues,"
    _Bioelectrochemistry, Biogenetics_ 5 (1978), 67-76.
      G. Collaccio and A.A. Pilla, "Electromagnetic Modulatran of
    Biological Processes: Chemical, Physical, and Biological
    Correlates in the Ca- Uptake by Embyronal Chick Tibia _in
    vitro_," _Biochemistry, Biogenetics_ 10 (1983), 120c.
      R.A. Luben, C.D. Cain, D.M. Rose, and W.R. Adey, "Effects of
    Electromagnetic Stimuli on Bone and Bone Cells _in vitro_:
    Inhibitions of Responses to Parathyroid Hormone by Low-Energy,
    Low-Frequency Fields," _Proceedings of National Academy of
    Science_ (USA) 79 (1982), 4180-84.
      L.A. Nortan, A. Shteyer, and G.A. Rohan, "Electromagnetic Field
    Effects on DNA Synthesis in Bone Cells," _Journal of
    Electrochemistry_ 127 (1980), 129c.
      A.A. Pilla, "The Rate of Modulation of Cell and Tissue Function
    via Electrochemical Information Transfer," in R.O. Becker, ed.,
    _Mechanism of Growth Control_ (Springfield, Ill.: C.C. Thomas
    Press, 1982), 211-36.

    [...]

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