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     MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No 3 ==============================================================
     V E R I C O M M / MindNet         "Quid veritas est?"
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Notes:

The following is reproduced here with the express permission of
the author.

Permission is given to reproduce and redistribute, for
non-commercial purposes only, provided this information and the
copy, remain intact and unedited.

The views, and opinions, expressed below are not necessarily the
views and opinions of VERICOMM, MindNet, or the editor, unless
otherwise noted.

Editor's Note:

The following original version of _The Controllers: A New 
Hypothesis of Alien Abduction_ by Martin Cannon, was originally 
published in pamphlet form in 1989. Since that time, it has 
been recognized as one of the most well researched works on the 
phenomena of alien abduction reports and their possible 
connection to government mind control experimentation.

An updated, and much expanded, version of _The Controllers_, 
will soon be published in book form for the first time by Feral 
House, POB 3466, Portland, OR 97208.

Editor: Mike Coyle 

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                       >>THE CONTROLLERS:<<
               A New Hypothesis of Alien Abduction

                                by
                           
                           Martin Cannon

I. Introduction

   One wag has dubbed the problem "Terra and the Pirates."
   The pirates, ostensibly, are marauders from another solar
system; their victims include a growing number of troubled human
beings who insist that they've been shanghaied by these
otherworldly visitors. An outlandish scenario -- yet through the
works of such authors as Budd Hopkins[1] and Whitley Strieber[2],
the "alien abduction" syndrome has seized the public imagination.
Indeed, tales of UFO contact threaten to lapse into fashion-
ability, even though, as I have elsewhere noted[3], they may
still inflict a formidable social price upon the claimant.
   Some time ago, I began to research these claims, concentrating
my studies on the social and political environment surrounding
these events. As I studied, the project grew and its scope
widened. Indeed, I began to feel as though I'd gone digging
through familiar terrain only to unearth Gomorrah.
   These excavations may have disgorged a solution.

THE PROBLEM

   Among ufologists, the term "abduction" has come to refer to an
infinitely- confounding experience, or matrix of experiences,
shared by a dizzying number of individuals, who claim that
travellers from the stars have scooped them out of their beds, or
snatched them from their cars, and subjected them to 
interrogations, quasi-medical examinations, and "instruction" 
periods.  Usually, these sessions are said to occur
within alien spacecraft; frequently, the stories include
terrifying details reminiscent of the tortures inflicted in
Germany's death camps. The abductees often (though not always)
lose all memory of these events;  they find themselves back in
their cars or beds,  unable to account for hours of "missing
time."  Hypnosis, or some other  trigger, can bring back these
haunted hours in an explosion of recollection -- and as the smoke
clears, an abductee will often spot a trail of similar
experiences, stretching all the way back to childhood.
   Perhaps the oddest fact of these odd tales: Many abductees,
for all their vividly-recollected agonies, claim to love their
alien tormentors. That's the word I've heard repeatedly: love.
   Within the community of "scientific ufologists" -- those
lonely, all-too little-heard advocates of reasonable and
open-minded debate on matters saucerological -- these claims have
elicited cautious interest and a commend- able restraint from
conclusion-hopping. Outside the higher realms of scientific
ufology, the situation is, alas, quite different. In the popular
press, in both the "straight" and sensationalist media, within
that journalistic realm where issues are defined and public
opinion solidified (despite a frequently superficial approach to
matters of evidence and investigation) abduction scenarios have
elicited two basic reactions: that of the Believer and the
Skeptic.
   The Believers -- and here we should note that "Believers" and
"abductees" are two groups whose memberships overlap but are in
no way congruent -- accept such stories at face value. They
accept, despite the seeming absurdity of these tales, the
internal contradictions, the askew logic of narrative
construction, the severe discontinuity of emotional response to
the actions described. The Believers believe, despite reports
that their beloved "space brothers" use vile and inhuman tactics
of medical examination -- senseless procedures most of us (and
certainly the vanguard of an advanced race) would be ashamed to
inflict on an animal. The Believers believe, despite the
difficulty of reconciling these unsettling tales with their own
deliriums of benevolent off-worlders.
   Occasionally, the rough notes of a rationalization are
offered: "The aliens don't know what they are doing," we hear; or
"Some aliens are bad." Yet the Believers confound their own
reasoning when they insist on ascribing the wisdom of the ages
and the beneficence of the angels to their beloved visitors. The
aliens allegedly know enough about our society to go about their
business undetected by the local authorities and the general
public; they communicate with the abductees in human tongue; they
concern themselves with details of the percipients' innermost
lives -- yet they remain so ignorant of our culture as to be
unaware of the basic moral precepts concerning the dignity of the
individual and the right to self-determination. Such dichotomies
don't bother the Believers; they are the faithful, and faith is
assumed to have its mysteries. SANCTA SIMPLICITAS.
   Conversely, the Skeptics dismiss these stories out of hand.
They dismiss, despite the intriguing confirmatory details: the
multiple witness events, the physical traces left by the
ufonauts, the scars and implants left on the abductees. The
skeptics scoff, though the abductees tell stories similar in
detail -- even certain tiny details, not known to the general
public.
   Philip Klass is a debunker who, through his appearances on
such television programs as NOVA and NIGHTLINE, has been in a
position to affect much of the public debate on UFOs. In his
interesting but poorly-documented work on abductions[4], Klass
claims that "abduction" is a psychological disease,  spread by
those who write about it. This argument exactly resembles the
professional press-basher's frequent assertion that terrorism
metastasizes through media exposure. Yet for all the millions of
words expectorated by newsfolk on the subject of terrorism,
terrorist actions remain quite rare, as any statistician (though
few politicians) will admit, and verifiable  linkage between
crimes and their coverage remains to be found. For that matter,
there have been books -- bestsellers, even -- on unicorns and
gnomes. People who claim to see those creatures are few.
Abductees are plentiful.
   Both Believer and Skeptic, in my opinion, miss the real story.
Both make the same mistake: They connect the abduction phenomenon
to the forty-year history of UFO sightings, and they apply their
prejudices about the latter to the controversy about the former.
   At first sight, the link seems natural. Shouldn't our thoughts
about UFOs color our thoughts about UFO abductions?
   NO.
   They may well be separate issues. Or, rather, they are
connected only in this: The myth of the UFO has provided an
effective cover story for an entirely different sort of mystery.
Remove yourself from the Believer/Skeptic dialectic, and you will
see the third alternative.
   As we examine this alternative, we will, of necessity, stray
far from the saucers. We must turn our face from the paranormal
and concentrate on the occult -- if, by "occult," we mean SECRET.
   I posit that the abductees HAVE been abducted. Yet they are
also spewing fantasy -- or, more precisely, they have been given
a set of lies to repeat and believe. If my hypothesis proves
true, then we must accept the following: The kidnapping is real.
The fear is real. The pain is real. The instruction is real. But
the little grey men from Zeti Reticuli are NOT real; they are
constructs, Halloween masks meant to disguise the real faces of
the con- trollers. The abductors may not be visitors from Beyond;
rather, they may be a symptom of the carcinoma which blackens our
body politic.
   The fault lies not in our stars, but in ourselves.

THE HYPOTHESIS

   Substantial evidence exists linking members of this country's
intelligence community (including the Central Intelligence
Agency, the Defense Advanvced Research Projects Agency, and the
Office of Naval Intelligence) with the esoteric technology of
MIND CONTROL. For decades, "spy-chiatrists" working behind the
scenes -- on college campuses, in CIA-sponsored institutes, and
(most heinously) in prisons -- have experimented with the erasure
of memory, hypnotic resistance to torture, truth serums,
post-hypnotic suggestion, rapid induction of hypnosis, electronic
stimulation of the brain, non-ionizing radiation, microwave
induction of intracerebral "voices," and a host of even more
disturbing technologies. Some of the projects exploring these
areas were ARTICHOKE, BLUEBIRD, PANDORA, MKDELTA, MKSEARCH and
the infamous MKULTRA.
   I have read nearly every available book on these projects, as
well as the relevant congressional testimony[5]. I have also
spent much time in university libraries researching relevant
articles, contacting other researchers (who have graciously
allowed me access to their files), and conducting interviews.
Moreover, I traveled to Washington, DC to review the files John
Marks compiled  when he wrote THE SEARCH FOR "THE MANCHURIAN
CANDIDATE"[6]. These files  include some 20,000 pages of CIA and
Defense Department documents, interviews, scientific articles,
letters, etc. The views presented here are the result of
extensive and ongoing research.
   As a result of this research, I have come to the following
conclusions:
   1. Although misleading (and occasionally perjured) testimony
before Congress indicated that the CIA's "brainwashing" efforts
met with little success[7], striking advances were, in fact, made
in this field. As CIA veteran Miles Copeland once admitted to a
reporter, "The congressional  subcommittee which went into this
sort of thing got only the barest glimpse." [8]
   2. Clandestine research into thought manipulation has NOT
stopped, despite CIA protestations that it no longer sponsors
such studies. Victor Marchetti, 14-year veteran of the CIA and
author of the renown expose, THE CIA AND THE CULT OF
INTELLIGENCE, confirmed in a 1977 interview that the mind control
 research continues, and that CIA claims to the contrary are a
"cover story."[9]
   3. The Central Intelligence Agency was not the only government
agency involved in this research[10]. Indeed, many branches of
our government took part in these studies -- including NASA, the
Atomic Energy Commission, as well as all branches of the Defense
Department.
   To these conclusions I would append the following -- NOT as
firmly- established historical fact, but as a working hypothesis
and grounds for investigation:
   4. The "UFO abduction" phenomenon MIGHT be a continuation of
clandestine mind control operations.
   I recognize the difficulties this thesis might present to
those readers emotionally wedded to the extraterrestrial
hypothesis, or to those whose political WELTANSHAUUNG disallows
any such suspicions. Still, the open- minded student of
abductions should consider the possibilities. Certainly, we are
not being narrow-minded if we ask researchers to exhaust ALL
terrestrial explanations before looking heavenward.
   Granted, this particular explanation may, at first, seem as
bizarre as the phenomenon itself. But I invite the skeptical
reader to examine the work of George Estabrooks, a seminal
theorist on the use of hypnosis in warfare, and a veteran of
Project MKULTRA. Estabrooks once amused himself during a party by
covertly hypnotizing two friends, who were led to believe that
the Prime Minister of England had just arrived; Estabrooks'
victims spent an hour  conversing with, and even serving drinks
to, the esteemed visitor[11]. For ufologists, this incident
raises an inescapable question: If the Mesmeric arts can
successfully evoke a non-existent Prime Minister, why can't a
represent- ative from the Pleiades be similarly induced?
   But there is much more to the present day technology of mind
control than mere hypnosis -- and many good reasons to suspect
that UFO abduction accounts are an artifact of continuing
brainwashing/behavior modification experiments. Moreover, I
intend to demonstrate that, by using UFO mythology as a cover
story, the experimenters may have solved the major problem with
the work conducted in the 1950s -- "the disposal problem," i.e.,
the question of  "What do we do with the victims?"
   If, in these pages, I seem to stray from the subject of the
saucers, I plead for patience. Before I attempt to link UFO
abductions with mind control experiments, I must first show that
this technology EXISTS. Much of the forthcoming is an
introduction to the topic of mind control -- what it is, and how
it works.

II. The Technology

A BRIEF OVERVIEW

   In the early days of World War II, George Estabrooks, of
Colgate University, wrote to the Department of War, describing in
breathless terms the possible uses of hypnosis in warfare[12].
The Army was intrigued; Estabrooks had a job. The true history of
Estabrooks' wartime collaboration with the CID, FBI[13] and other
agencies may never be told: After the war, he burned his diary
pages covering the years 1940-45, and thereafter avoided
discussing his continuing government work with anyone, even close
members of the family[14]. Occasionally, he strongly intimated
that his work involved the creation of hypno-programmed couriers
and hypnotically-induced split personalities, but whether he
succeeded in these areas remains a controversial point. Neverthe-
less, the eccentric and flamboyant Estabrooks remains a pivotal
figure in the early history of clandestine behavioral research.
   Which is not to say that he worked alone. World War II was the
first conflict in which the human brain became a field of battle,
where invading forces were led by the most notable names in
psychology and pharmacology. On both sides, the war spurred
furious efforts to create a "truth drug" for use in interrogating
prisoners. General William "Wild Bill" Donovan, director of the
OSS, tasked his crack team -- including Dr. Winifred Overhulser,
Dr. Edward Strecker, Harry J. Anslinger and George White -- to
modify human  perception and behavior through chemical means;
their "medicine cabinet" included scopolamine, peyote,
barbiturates, mescaline, and marijuana. (This research had its
amusing side: Donovan's "psychic warriors" conducted many
extensive and expensive trials before deciding that the best
method of administering tetrahydrocannibinol, the active
ingredient in marijuana, was via the cigarette. Any jazz musician
could have told them as much[15].)
   Simultaneously, the notorious NAZI doctors at Dachau
experimented with mescaline as a means of eliminating the
victim's will to resist. Jews, slavs, gypsies, and other
"Untermenschen" in the camp were surreptitiously slipped the
drug; later, mescaline was combined with hypnosis[16]. The
results of these tests were made available to the United States
after the War. [cf. Operation PAPERCLIP, which transferred
thousands of German and Japanese intelligence researchers
directly into the U.S. intelligence community. "Our Germans are
BETTER than their Germans!" - DR. STRANGELOVE   -jpg]
   In 1947, the Navy conducted the first known post-war mind
control program, Project CHAPTER, which continued the drug
experiments. Decades later,  journalists and investigators still
haven't uncovered much information about  this project -- or,
indeed, about any of the military's other excursions into this
field. We know that the Army eventually founded operations THIRD
CHANCE and DERBY HAT; other project names remain mysterious,
though the existence of these programs is unquestionable. [?
-jpg]
   The newly-formed CIA plunged into this cesspool in 1950, with
Project BLUEBIRD, rechristened ARTICHOKE in 1951. To establish a
"cover story" for this research, the CIA funded a propaganda
effort designed to convince the world that the Communist Bloc had
devised insidious new methods of re-shaping the human will; the
CIA's own efforts could therefore, if exposed, be explained as an
attempt to "catch up" with Soviet and Chinese work. The primary
promoter of this "line" was one Edward Hunter, a CIA contract
employee operating under- cover as a journalist, and, later, a
prominent member of the John Birch society. (Hunter was an OSS
veteran of the China theatre -- the same spawning grounds which
produced Richard Helms, Howard Hunt, Mitch WerBell, Fred
Chrisman, Paul Helliwell and a host of other noteworthies who
came to dominate that strange land where the worlds of
intelligence and right-wing extremism meet[17].)  Hunter offered
"brainwashing" as the explanation for the numerous confessions
signed by American prisoners of war during the Korean War and
(generally) UN-recanted upon the prisoners' repatriation. These
confes- sions alleged that the United States used germ warfare in
the Korean conflict, a claim which the American public of the
time found impossible to accept. Many years later, however,
investigative reporters discovered that Japan's germ warfare
specialists (who had wreaked incalculable terror on the conquered
Chinese during WWII) had been mustered into the American national
security apparat -- and that the knowledge gleaned from Japan's
horrifying germ warfare experiments probably WAS used in Korea,
just as the "brainwashed" soldiers had indicated[18]. Thus, we
now know that the entire brainwashing scare of the 1950s
constituted a CIA hoax perpetrated upon the American public: CIA
deputy director Richard Helms admitted as much when, in 1963, he
told the Warren Commission that Soviet mind control research
consistently lagged years behind American efforts[19].
   When the CIA's mind control program was transferred from the
Office of Security to the Technical Services Staff (TSS) in 1953,
the name changed again -- to MKULTRA[20]. Many consider this
wide-ranging "octopus" project -- whose tentacles twined through
the corridors of numerous universities and around the necks of an
army of scientists -- the most ominous operation in CIA's
catalogue of atrocity. Through MKULTRA, the Agency created an
umbrella program of a positively Joycean scope, designed to
ferret out all possible means of invading what George Orwell once
called "the space between our ears" (Later still, in 1962, mind
control research was transferred to the Office of Research and
Development; project cryptonyms remain unrevealed[21].)
   What was studied? Everything -- including hypnosis,
conditioning, sensory deprivation, drugs, religious cults,
microwaves, psychosurgery, brain implants, and even ESP. When
MKULTRA "leaked" to the public during the great CIA
investigations of the 1970s, public attention focused most
heavily on drug experimentation and the work with ESP[22].
Mystery still shrouds another area of study, the area which seems
to have most interested ORD: psychoelectronics. This research may
prove key to our understanding of the UFO abduction  phenomenon.

IMPLANTS

   Perhaps the most interesting pieces of evidence surrounding
the abduction phenomenon are the intracerebral implants allegedly
visible in the X-rays and MRI scans of many abductees[23].
Indeed, abductees often describe operations in which needles are
inserted into the brain; more frequently still, they report
implantation of foreign objects through the sinus cavities. Many
abduction specialists assume that these intracranial incursions
must be the handiwork of scientists from the stars.
Unfortunately, these researchers have failed to familiarize
themselves with certain little-heralded advances in terrestrial
technology.
   The abductees' implants strongly suggest a technological
lineage which can be traced to a device known as a "stimoceiver,"
invented in the late '50s- early '60s by a neuroscientist named
Jose Delgado. The stimoceiver is a miniature depth electrode
which can receive and transmit electronic signals over FM radio
waves. By stimulating a correctly-positioned stimoceiver, an
outside operator can wield a surprising degree of control over
the subject's responses.
   The most famous example of the stimoceiver in action occurred
in a Madrid bull ring. Delgado "wired" the bull before stepping
into the ring, entirely unprotected. Furious for gore, the bull
charged toward the doctor -- then stopped, just before reaching
him. The technician-turned-toreador had halted the animal by
simply pushing a button on a black box, held in the hand[24].
   Delgado's PHYSICAL CONTROL OF THE MIND: TOWARD A
PSYCHOCIVILISED SOCIETY[25] remains the sole, full-length,
popularly-written work on intracerebral implants and electronic
stimulation of the brain (ESB). (The book's ominous title and
unconvincing philosophical rationales for mass mind control
prompted an unfavorable public reaction -- which may have
deterred other researchers from publishing on this theme for a
general audience.)  While subsequent work has long since
superceded the techniques described in this book, Delgado's
achievements were seminal. His animal and human experiments
clearly demon- strate that the experimenter can electronically
induce emotions and behavior: Under certain conditions, the
extremes of temperament -- rage, lust, fatigue, etc. -- can be
elicited by an outside operator as easily as an organist might
call forth a C-major chord.
   Delgado writes: "Radio stimulation of different points in the
amygdala and hippocampus in the four patients produced a variety
of effects, including  pleasant sensations, elation, deep,
thoughtful concentration, odd feelings, super relaxation, colored
visions, and other responses."[26]  The evocative phrase "colored
vision" clearly indicates remotely-induced hallucination; we will
detail later how these hallucinations may be "controlled" by an
outside operator.
   Speaking in 1966 -- and reflecting research undertaken years
previous -- Delgado asserted that his experiments "support the
distasteful conclusion that motion, emotion, and behavior can be
directed by electrical forces and that humans can be controlled
like robots by push buttons."[27]  He even prophesied a day when
brain control could be turned over to non-human operators, by
establishing two-way radio communication between the implanted
brain and a computer[28]. 
   Of one experimental subject, Delgado notes that "the patient
expressed the successive sensations of fainting, fright and
floating around. These  'floating' feelings were repeatedly
evoked on different days by stimulation of the same point..."[29]
 Ufologists may recognize the similarity of this sequence of
events to abductee reports of the opening minutes of their
experiences[30]. Under subsequent hypnosis, the abductee could be
instructed to misremember the cause of this floating sensation.
   In a fascinating series of experiments, Delgado attached the
stimoceiver to the tympanic membrane, thereby transforming the
ear into a sort of micro- phone. An assistant would whisper "How
are you?" into the ear of a suitably "fixed" cat, and Delgado
could hear the words over a loudspeaker in the next room. The
application of this technology to the spy trade should be readily
apparent. According to Victor Marchetti, The Agency once
attempted a highly- sophisticated extension of this basic idea,
in which radio implants were attached to a cat's cochlea, to
facilitate the pinpointing of specific conversations, freed from
extraneous surrounding noises[31]. Such "advances" exacerbate the
already-imposing level of Twentieth-Century paranoia: Not only
can our phones be tapped and mail checked, but even TABBY may be
spying on us!
   Yet the ramifications of this technology may go even deeper
than Marchetti indicates. I presume that if a suitably-wired
subject's inner ear can be made into a microphone, it can also be
made into a loudspeaker -- one possible explanation for the
"voices" heard by abductees[32]. Indeed, I have personally viewed
a strange, opalescent implant within the ear canal of an
abductee. I see no reason to ascribe this device to alien
intrusion -- more than likely, the "intruders" in this case were
the technological inheritors of the Delgado legacy. Indeed, not
many years after Delgado's experiments with the cat,  Ralph
Schwitzgebel devised a "bug-in-the-ear" via which the therapist
-- odd term, under the circumstances -- can communicate with his
subject[33].
   Other researchers have made notable contributions to this
field. 
   Robert G. Heath, of Tulane University, who has implanted as
many as 125 electrodes in his subjects, achieved his greatest
notoriety by attempting to "cure" homosexuality through ESB. In
his experiments, he discovered that he could control his
patients' memory, (a feat which, applied in the ufological
context, may account for the phenomenon of "missing time"); he
could also  induce sexual arousal, fear, pleasure, and
hallucinations[34].
   Heath and another researcher, James Olds[35], have
independently illustrated that areas of the brain in and near the
hypothalamus have, when electronically stimulated, what has been
described as "rewarding" and "aversive" effects. Both animals and
men, when given the means to induce their own ESB of the  brain's
pleasure centers, will stimulate themselves at a tremendous rate,
ignoring such basic drives as hunger and thirst[36]. (Using fixed
electrodes of his own invention, John C. Lilly had accomplished
similar effects in the early 1950s[37].)  Anyone who has studied
the abduction phenomenon will find himself on familiar territory
here, for the abductee accounts are replete with stories of
bewildering and inappropriate sexual response countered by
extremely painful stimuli -- operant conditioning, at its most
extreme, and most insidious, for here we see a form of
conditioning in which the manipulator renders himself invisible.
Indeed, B.F. Skinner-esque aversive therapy, remotely appiled,
was Heath's prescription for "healing" homosexuality[38].
   Ralph Schwitzgebel and his brother Robert have produced a
panoply of devices for tracking individuals over long ranges;
they may be considered the creators of the "electronic house
arrest" devices recently approved by the courts[39]. Schwitzgebel
devices could be used for tracking all the physical and
neurological signs of a "patient" within a quarter of a mile[40],
thereby lifting the distance limitations which restricted
Delgado.
   In Ralph Schwitzgebel's initial work, application of this
technology to ESB seems to have been limited to cumbersome brain
implants with protruding wires. But the technology was soon
miniaturized, and a scheme was proposed whereby radio receivers
would be mounted on utility poles throughout a given city,
thereby providing 24-hour-a-day monitoring capability[41]. Like
Heath, Schwitzgebel was much exercised about homosexuality and
the use of intracranial devices to combat sexual deviation. But
he has also spoken ominously about applying his devices to
"socially troublesome persons"... which, of course, could mean
anyone[42].
   Bryan Robinson, of the Yerkes primate laboratory has conducted
fascinating simian research on the use of remote ESB in a social
context. He could cause mothers to ignore their offspring,
despite the babies' cries. He could turn submission into
dominance, and vice-versa[43].
   Perhaps the most disturbing wanderer into this mind-field is
Joseph A. Meyer, of the National Security Agency, the most
formidable and secretive component of America's national security
complex. Meyer has proposed implant- ing roughly half of all
Americans arrested -- not necessarily convicted -- of any crime;
the numbers of "subscribers" (his euphemism) would run into the
tens of millions. "Subscribers" could be monitored continually by
computer wherever they went. Meyer, who has carefully worked out
the economics of his mass-implantation system, asserts that
taxpayer liability should be reduced by forcing subscribers to
"rent" the implant from the State. Implants are cheaper and more
efficient than police, Meyer suggests, since the call to crime is
relentless for the poor "urban dweller" -- who, this
spook-scientist admits in a surprisingly candid aside, is
fundamentally unnecessary to a post- industrial economy. "Urban
dweller" may be another of Meyer's euphemisms: He uses New York's
Harlem as his model community in working out the details of his
mind-management system[44].

ABDUCTEE IMPLANTS

   If we are to take seriously abductee accounts of brain
implants, we must  consider the possibility that the implanters,
properly perceived, DON'T look much like the "greys" pictured on
Strieber's dustjackets. Instead, the visitors may resemble Dr.
Meyer and his brethren. We would thus have an explanation for
both the reports of abductee brain implants and, as we shall see,
the "scoop marks" and other scars visible on other parts of the
abductees' bodies. We would also have an explanation for the
reports of individuals  suffering personality change after
contact with the UFO phenomenon.
   Skeptics might counter that the time factor of UFO abductions
disallows this possibility. If estimates of "missing time" are
correct, the abductions rarely take longer than one-to-three
hours. Wouldn't a brain surgeon,  operating under less-than-ideal
conditions (perhaps in a mobile unit) need more time?
   NO -- not if we accept the claims of a Florida doctor named
Daniel Man. He recently proposed a draconian solution to the
overblown "missing children problem," by suggesting a program
wherein America's youngsters would be implanted with tiny
transmitters in order to track the children continuously. Man
brags that the operation can be done right in the office -- and
would take less than 20 minutes[45].
   Conceivably, it might take a tad longer in the field.

A QUESTION OF TIMING

   The history of brain implantation, as gleaned from the open
literature, is certainly disquieting. Yet this history has almost
certainly been censored, and the dates manipulated in a
nigh-Orwellian fashion. When dealing with research funded by the
engines of national security, one can never know the true origin
date of any individual scientific advance. However, if we listen
carefully to the scientists who have pioneered this research, we
may hear whispers, faint but unmistakable, hinting that
remotely-applied ESB originated earlier than published studies
would indicate.
   In his autobiography THE SCIENTIST, John C. Lilly (who would
later achieve a cultish reknown for his work with dolphins, drugs
and sensory deprivation) records a conversation he had with the
director of the National Institute of Mental Health -- in 1953.
The director asked Lilly to brief the CIA, FBI, NSA and the
various military intelligence services on his work using
electrodes to stimulate directly the pleasure and pain centers of
the brain. Lilly refused, noting, in his reply:

            Dr. Antoine Remond, using our techniques in Paris, has
         demonstrated that this method of stimulation of the brain
         can be applied to the human without the help of the 
         neurosurgeon; he is doing it in his office in Paris 
         without neurosurgical supervision. This means that 
         anybody with the proper apparatus can carry this out on 
         a person covertly, with no external signs that electrodes 
         have been used on that person. 
            I feel that if this technique got into the hands of a 
         secret agency, they  would have total control over a 
         human being and be able to change his beliefs extremely 
         quickly, leaving little evidence of what they had done[46].

   Lilly's assertion of the moral high ground here is
interesting. Despite his avowed phobia against secrecy, a careful
reading of THE SCIENTIST reveals  that he continued to do work
useful to this country's national security appar- atus. His
sensory deprivation experiments expanded upon the work of
ARTICHOKE's Maitland Baldwin, and even his dolphin research has
-- perhaps inadvertently proved useful in naval warfare[47]. One
should note that Lilly's work on monkeys carried a "secret"
classification, and that NIMH was a common CIA funding
conduit[48].
   But the most important aspect of Lilly's statement is its
date. 1953? How far back does radio-controlled ESB go? Alas, I
have not yet seen Remond's work -- if it is available in the open
literature. In the documents made available to Marks, the
earliest reference to remotely-applied ESB is a 1959 financial
document pertaining to MKULTRA subproject 94. The general
subproject descriptions sent to the CIA's financial department
rarely contain much information, and rarely change from year to
year, leaving us little idea as to when this subproject began.

Unfortunately, even the Freedom of Information Act couldn't
pry loose much information on electronic mind control techniques,
though we know a great deal of study was done in these areas. We
have, for example, only four pages on subproject 94 -- by
comparison, a veritable flood of documents were released on the
use of drugs in mind control. (Whenever an author tells us that
MKULTRA met with little success, the reference is to drug
testing.)  On this point, I must criticize John Marks: His book
never mentions that roughly 20-25 percent of the  subprojects are
"dark" -- i.e., little or no information was ever made available,
despite lawyers and FOIA requests. Marks seems to feel that the
only information worth having is the information he received. We
know,  however, that research into psychoelectronics was
extensive indeed, statements of project goals dating from
ARTICHOKE and BLUEBIRD days clearly identify this area as a high
priority. Marks' anonymous informant, jocularly named "Deep
Trance," even told a previous interviewer that, beginning in
1963, CIA and the military's mind control efforts strongly
emphasized electronics[49]. I therefore assume -- not rashly, I
hope -- that the "dark" MKULTRA subprojects concerned matters
such as brain implants, microwaves, ESB, and related
technologies.
   I make an issue of the timing and secrecy involved in this
research to underscore three points: 1. We can never know with
certainty the true origin dates of the various brainwashing
methods -- often, we discover that techniques which seem
impossibly futuristic actually originated in the 19th century.
(Pioneering ESB research was conducted in 1898, by J.R. Ewald,
professor of physiology at Straussbourg[50].)  2. The open
literature almost certainly gives a bowdlerized view of the
actual research. 3. Lavishly-funded clandestine researchers --
unrestrained by peer review or the need for strict controls --
can achieve far more rapid progress than scientists "on the
outside."
   Potential critics should keep these points in mind should they
attempt to invalidate the "mind control" thesis of UFO abductions
by citing an abduction account which antedates Delgado.

THE QUANDARY

   We have amply demonstrated, then, that as far back as the
1960s -- and possibly earlier still -- scientists have had the
capability to create implants similar to those now purportedly
visible in abductee MRI scans. Indeed, we have no notion just how
advanced this technology has become, since the popular press
stopped reporting on brain implantation in the 1970s. The
research has no doubt continued, albeit in a less public fashion.
In fact, scientists such as Delgado have cast their eye far
beyond the implants; ESB effects can now be elicited with
microwaves and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, used
with and without electrodes.
   So why -- if we take UFO abduction accounts at face value --
are the "advanced aliens" using an old technology, an EARTH
technology, a technology which may soon be rendered obsolescent,
if it hasn't been so rendered already? I am reminded of the
charming anachronisms in the old Flash Gordon serials, where
swords and spaceships clashed continually.
   Do they also watch black-and-white television on Zeta
Reticuli?

REMOTE HYPNOSIS

   Hypnosis provides the (highly controversial) key which opens
the door to many abduction accounts[51]. And obviously, if my
thesis is correct, hypnosis plays a large part in the abduction
itself. One thing we know with certainty: Since the earliest days
of project BLUEBIRD, the CIA's spy-chiatrists spent enormous sums
mastering Mesmer's art.
   I cannot here give even a brief summary of hypnosis, nor even
of the CIA's studies in this area. (Fortunately, FOIA requests
were rather more successful in shaking loose information on this
topic than in the area of psycho- electronics.)  Here, we will
concentrate on a particularly intriguing allegation -- one heard
faintly, but persistently, for the past twenty years by those who
would investigate the shadow side of politics.
   If this allegation proves true, hypnosis is NOT necessarily a
person-to- person affair.
   The abductee -- or the mind control victim -- need not have
physical contact with a hypnotist for hypnotic suggestion to take
effect; trance could be induced, and suggestions made, via the
intracerebral transmitters described above. The concept sounds
like something out of Huxley's or Orwell's most masochistic
fantasies. Yet remote hypnosis was first reported -- using
allegedly parapsychological means -- in the early 1930s, by L.L.
Vasilev,  Professor of Physiology in the University of
Leningrad[52]. Later, other  scientists attempted to accomplish
the same goal, using less mystic means.
   Over the years, certain journalists have asserted that the CIA
has mastered a technology call RHIC-EDOM. RHIC means "Radio
Hypnotic Intracerebral  Control."  EDOM stands for "Electronic
Dissolution of Memory."  Together, these techniques can --
allegedly -- remotely induce hypnotic trance, deliver suggestions
to the subject, and erase all memory for both the instruction
period and the act which the subject is asked to perform.
   RHIC uses the stimoceiver, or a microminiaturized offspring of
that tech- nology to induce a hypnotic state. Interestingly, this
technique is also  reputed to involve the use of INTRAMUSCULAR
implants, a detail strikingly  reminiscent of the "scars"
mentioned in Budd Hopkins MISSING TIME. Apparently,  these
implants are stimulated to induce a post-hypnotic suggestion.
   EDOM is nothing more than missing time itself -- the erasure
of memory from consciousness through the blockage of synaptic
transmission in certain areas of the brain. By jamming the
brain's synapses through a surfeit of acetocholine, neural
transmission along selected pathways can be effectively stilled.
According to the proponents of RHIC-EDOM, acetocholine production
can be affected by electromagnetic means. (Modern research in the
psycho-physio- logical effects of microwaves confirm this
proposition.)
   Does RHIC-EDOM exist? In our discussion of Delgado's work, I
have already cited a strange little book (published in 1969)
titled WERE WE CONTROLLED?, written by one Lincoln Lawrence, a
former FBI agent turned journalist. (The name is a pseudonym; I
know his real identity.)  This work deals at length with
RHIC-EDOM; a careful comparison of Lawrence's work with MKULTRA
files declas- sified ten years later indicates a strong
possibility that the writer did indeed have "inside" sources.
   Here is how Lawrence describes RHIC in action:

         It is the ultra-sophisticated application of 
      post-hypnotic suggestion TRIGGERED AT WILL [italics in 
      original] by radio transmission. It is a recurring 
      hypnotic state, re-induced automatically at intervals by 
      the same radio control. An individual is brought under 
      hypnosis. This can be done either with his knowledge  -- 
      or WITHOUT it by use of narco-hypnosis, which can be 
      brought into play under many guises. He is then 
      programmed to perform certain actions and maintain 
      certain attitudes upon radio signal[53].

   Other authors have mentioned this technique -- specifically
Walter Bowart (in his book OPERATION MIND CONTROL) and journalist
James Moore, who, in a 1975 issue of a periodical called MODERN
PEOPLE, claimed to have secured a  350-page manual, prepared in
1963, on RHIC-EDOM[54]. He received the manual from CIA sources,
although -- interestingly -- the technique is said to have
originated in the military.
   The following quote by Moore on RHIC should prove especially
intriguing to abduction researchers who have confronted odd
"personality shifts" in abductees:

         Medically, these radio signals are directed to certain 
      parts of the brain. When a part of your brain receives a 
      tiny electrical impulse from outside sources, such as vision,
      hearing, etc.,an emotion is produced -- anger at the sight of
      a gang of boys beating an old woman, for example. The same 
      emotion of anger can be created by artificial radio signals
      sent to your brain by a controller. You could instantly feel
      the same white-hot anger without any apparent reason[55].

   Lawrence's sources imparted an even more tantalizing -- and
frightening -- revelation:

         ...there is already in use a small EDOM generator-
      transmitter which can be concealed on the body of a person. 
      Contact with this person -- a casual handshake or even just 
      a touch -- transmits a tiny electronic charge plus an 
      ultra-sonic signal tone which for a short while will disturb 
      the time orientation of the person affected[56].

   If RHIC-EDOM exists, it goes a long way toward providing an
earthbound rationale for alien abductions -- or, at least,
certain aspects of them. The phenomenon of "missing time" is no
longer mysterious. Abductee implants, both intracerebral and
otherwise, are explained. And note the reference to "recurring
hypnotic state, reinduced automatically by the same radio
command." This situation may account for "repeater" abductees
who, after their initial encounter, have regular sessions of
"missing time" and abduction -- even while a bed-mate sleeps
undisturbed.
   At present, I cannot claim conclusively that RHIC-EDOM is
real. To my  knowledge, the only official questioning of a CIA
representive concerning these techniques occurred in 1977, during
Senate hearings on CIA drug testing. Senator Richard Schweicker
had the following interchange with Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, an
important MKULTRA administrator:

         SCHWEICKER: Some of the projects under MKULTRA involved
      hypnosis, is that correct?
         GOTTLIEB: Yes.
         SCHWEICKER: Did any of these projects involve something
      called radio hypnotic intracerebral control, which is a 
      combination, as I understand it, in layman's terms, of radio
      transmissions and hypnosis.
         GOTTLIEB: My answer is "No."
         SCHWEICKER: None whatsoever?
         GOTTLIEB: Well, I am trying to be responsive to the
      terms you used. As I remember it, there was a current
      interest, running interest, all the time in what effects
      people's standing in the field of radio energy have, and
      it could easily have been that somewhere in many projects,
      someone was trying to see if you could hypnotize someone
      easier if he was standing in a radio beam. That would
      seem like a reasonable piece of research to do.

   Schweicker went on to mention that he had heard testimony that
radar (i.e., microwaves) had been used to wipe out memory in
animals; Gottlieb responded, "I can believe that, Senator."[57]
   Gottlieb's blandishments do not comfort much. For one thing,
the good doctor did not always provide thoroughly candid
testimony. (During the same hearing he averred that 99 percent on
the CIA's research had been openly published; if so, why are so
many MKULTRA subprojects still "dark," and why does the Agency
still go to great lengths to protect the identities of its
scientists?[58])  We should also recognize that the CIA's
operations are compartmentalized on a "need-to-know" basis;
Gottlieb may not have had access to the information requested by
Schweicker. Note that the MKULTRA rubric circumscribed Gottlieb's
statement: RHIC-EDOM might have been the focus of another
program. (There were several others: MKNAOMI, MKACTION, MKSEARCH,
etc.)  Also keep in mind the revelation by "Deep Trance" that the
CIA concentrated on psychoelectronics AFTER the termination of
MKULTRA in 1963. Most significantly: RHIC-EDOM is described by
both Lawrence and Moore as a product of MILITARY research;
Gottlieb spoke only of matters pertaining to CIA. He may thus
have spoken truthfully -- at least in a strictly technical sense
-- while still misleading the Congressional interlocutors.
   Personally, I believe that the RHIC-EDOM story deserves a
great deal of further research. I find it significant that when
Dr. Petter Lindstrom examined X-rays of Robert Naesland, a
Swedish victim of brain-implantation, the doctor authoritatively
cited WERE WE CONTROLLED? in his letter of response[59]. This is
the same Dr. Lindstrom noted for his pioneering use of
ultrasonics in neurosurgery[60]. Lincoln Lawrence's book has
received a strong endorsement indeed.
   Bowart's OPERATION MIND CONTROL contains a significant
interview with an intelligence agent knowledgeable in these
areas. Granted, the reader has every right to adopt a skeptical
attitude toward information culled from anonymous sources; still,
one should note that this operative's statements confirm, in
pertinent part, Lawrence's thesis[61].
   Most importantly: The open literature on brain-wave
entrainment and the behavioral effects of electromagnetic
radiation substantiates much of the RHIC- EDOM story -- as we
shall see.

THAT'S ENTRAINMENT

   Robert Anton Wilson, an author with a devoted cult following,
recently has taken to promoting a new generation of "mind
machines" designed to promote creativity, stimulate learning, and
alter consciousness -- i.e., provide a drug-less high.
Interestingly, these machines can also induce "Out-of-Body-
Experiences," in which the percipient mentally "travels" to
another location while his body remains at rest[62]. This
rapidly-developing technology has spawned a technological
equivalent to the drug culture; indeed, the aficionados of the
electronic buzz even have their own magazine, REALITY HACKERS.
[Now  defunct. -jpg]  I strongly suspect that we will hear much
of these machines in the future.
   One such device is called the "hemi-synch."  This
headphone-like invention produces slightly different frequences
in each ear; the brain calculates the difference between these
frequencies, resulting in a rhythm known as the "binaural beat."
The brain "entrains" itself to this beat -- that is, the
subject's EEG slows down or speeds up to keep pace with its
electronic  running partner[63].
   The brain has a "beat" of its own.
   This rhythm was first discovered in 1924 by the German
psychiatrist Hans Berger, who recorded cerebral voltages as part
of a telepathy study[64]. He noted two distinct frequencies:
alpha (8-13 cycles per second), associated with a relaxed, alert
state, and beta (14-30 cycles per second), produced during states
of agitation and intense mental concentration. Later, other
rhythms were noted, which are particularly important for our
present purposes: theta (4-7 cycles per second), a hypnogogic
state, and delta (.5 to 3.5 cycles per second), generally found
in sleeping subjects[65].
   The hemi-synch -- and related mind-machines -- can produce
alpha or theta waves, on demand, according to the operator's
wishes. A suitably-entrained brain is much more responsive to
suggestion, and is even likely to experience vivid
hallucinations.
   I have spoken to several UFO abductees who describe a
"stereophonic sound" effect -- EXACTLY SIMILAR TO THAT PRODUCED
BY THE HEMI-SYNCH -- preceding many "encounters."  Of course, one
usually administers the hemi-synch via head- phones, but I see no
reason why the effect cannot be transmitted via the above-
described stimoceiver. Again, I remind the reader of the abductee
with an implant just inside her ear canal.
   There's more than one way to entrain a brain. Michael
Hutchison's excellent book MEGA BRAIN details the author's
personal experiences with many such devices -- the Alpha-stim,
TENS, the Synchro-energizer, Tranquilite, etc. He recounts
dazzling, Dali-esque hallucinations, as a result of using this
mind- expanding technology; moreover, he offers a seductive
argument that these  devices may represent a true breakthrough in
consciousness-control, thereby fulfilling the dashed dream of the
hallucinogenic '60s.
   I wish to avoid a knee-jerk Luddite response to these
fascinating wonder- boxes. At the same time, I recognize the
dangers involved. What about the possibility of an outside
operator literally "changing our minds" by altering our
brainwaves without our knowledge or permission? If these machines
can induce a hypnotic state, what's to stop a skilled hypnotist
from making use of this state?
   Granted, most of these devices require some physical
interaction with the subject. But a tool called the Bio-Pacer
can, according to its manufacturer, produce a number of mood
altering frequencies -- WITHOUT attachment to the subject.
Indeed, the Bio-Pacer III (a high-powered version) can affect an
entire room. This device costs $275, according to the most recent
price sheet available[66]. What sort of machine might $27,500
buy? Or $275,000? What effects, what ranges might a
million-dollar machine be capable of?
   The military certainly has that sort of money.
   And they're certainly interested in this sort of technology,
according to Michael Hutchison. His interview with an informant
named Joseph Light elicited some particularly provocative
revelations. According to Light:

         There are important elements in the scientific community,
      powerful people, who are very much interested in these areas...
      but they have to keep most of their work secret. Because as
      soon as they start to publish some of these sensitive things,
      they have problems in their lives. You see, they work on
      research grants, and if you follow the research being done,
      you find that as soon as these scientists publish something
      about this, their research funds are cut off. There are areas
      in bioelectric research  where very simple techniques and
      devices can have mind-boggling effects. Conceivably, if you
      have a crazed person with a bit of a technical background, he
      can do a lot of damage[67].

   This last statement is particularly evocative. In 1984, a
violent neo-NAZI group called The Order (responsible for the
murder of talk-show host Alan Berg) established contact with two
government scientists engaged in clandestine research to project
chemical imbalances and render targeted individuals docile via
certain frequencies of electronic waves. For $100,000 the
scientists were willing to deliver this information[68].
   Thus, at least one group of crazed individuals almost got the
goods.

WAVE YOUR BRAIN GOODBYE

   Every Senator and Congressional representative has a "wavie"
file. So do many state representatives. Wavies have even pled
their case to private institutions such as the Christic
Institute[69].
   And who are the wavies?
   They claim to be victims of clandestine bombardment with
non-ionizing radiation -- or microwaves. They report sudden
changes in psychological states, alteration of sleep patterns,
intracerebral voices and other sounds, and physiological effects.
Most people never realize how many wavies there are in this
country. I've spoken to a number of wavies myself.
   Are these troubled individuals seeking an exterior rationale
for their mental problems? Maybe. Indeed, I'm sure that such is
the case in many instances. But the fact is that the literature
on the behavioral effects of microwaves, extra-low-frequencies
(ELF) and ultra-sonics is such that we cannot blithely dismiss
ALL such claims.
   For decades, American science and industry tried to convince
the population that microwaves could have no adverse effects on
human beings at sub-thermal levels -- in other words, the
attitude was, "If it can't burn you, it can't hurt you."  This
approach became increasingly difficult to defend as reports
mounted of microwave-induced physiological effects. Technicians
described "hearing" certain radar installations; users of radar
telescopes began developing cataracts at an appallingly high
rate[70]. The Soviets had long recognized the strange and
sometimes subtle effects of these radio frequencies, which is why
their exposure standards have always been much stricter.
   Soviet microwave bombardment of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow
prompted the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's Project
PANDORA (later renamed), whose ostensible goal was to determine
whether these pulsations (reportedly 10 cycles per second, which
puts them in the alpha range) could be used for the purposes of
mind control. I suspect that the "war on Tchaikowsky Street," as
I call it[71], was used, at least in part, as a cover story for
DARPA mind control research, and that the stories floated in the
news (via, for example, Jack Anderson's column) about Soviet
remote brainwashing served the same propaganda purposes as did
the bleatings of Edward Hunter during the 1950s.[72]
   What can low-level microwaves do to the mind?
   According to a DIA report released under the Freedom of
Information Act[73], microwaves can induce metabolic changes,
alter brain functions, and disrupt behavior patterns. PANDORA
discovered that pulsed microwaves can create leaks in the
blood/brain barrier, induce heart seizures, and create behavioral
disorganization[74]. In 1970, a RAND Corporation scientist
reported that microwaves could be used to promote insomnia,
fatigue, irritability, memory loss, and hallucinations[75].
   Perhaps the most significant work in this area has been
produced by Dr. W. Ross Adey at the University of Southern
California. He determined that behavior and emotional states can
be altered without electrodes -- simply by placing the subject in
an electromagnetic field. By directing a carrier frequency to
stimulate the brain and using amplitude modulation to "shape" the
wave into a mimicry of a desired EEG frequency, he was able to
impose a 4.5 cps theta rhythm on his subjects -- a frequency
which he previously measured in the hippocampus during avoidance
learning. Thus, he could externally condition the mind towards an
aversive reaction[76]. (Adey has also done extensive work on the
use of electrodes in animals[77].)  According to another
prominent microwave scientist, Allen Frey, other frequencies
could -- in animal studies -- induce docility[78]. [cf USP
#3,884,218 by Robert Monroe, METHOD OF INDUCING AND MAINTAINING
VARIOUS STAGES OF SLEEP IN THE HUMAN BEING, granted 20 May 1975;
ABSTRACT: A method of inducing sleep in the human being wherein
an audio signal is generated comprising a familiar pleasing
repetitive sound modulated by an EEG sleep pattern. -jpg]
   The controversial researcher Andrijah Puharich asserts that "a
weak (1 mW) 4 Hz magnetic sine wave will modify human brain waves
in 6 to 10 seconds. The psychological effects of a 4 Hz sine
magnetic wave are negative -- causing dizzyness, nausea,
headache, and can lead to vomiting."  Conversely, an 8 Hz
magnetic sine wave has beneficial effects[79]. Though some
writers question Puharich's integrity (perhaps correctly,
considering his involvement in the confused tale of Uri Geller),
his claims here seem in line with the findings of less-flamboyant
experimenters.
   As investigative journalist Anne Keeler writes:

         Specific frequencies at low intensities can predictably 
      influence sensory processes...pleasantness-unpleasantness,
      strain-relaxation, and excitement-quiescence can be created
      with the fields. Negative feelings and avoidance are strong
      biological phenomena and relate to survival. Feelings are
      the true basis of much "decision-making" and often occur as
      subthreshold [i.e. subliminal -jpg] impressions...Ideas 
      INCLUDING NAMES [my italics] [Cannon's italics -jpg] can be
      synchronized with the feelings that the fields induce[80].

   Adey and compatriots have compiled an entire library of
frequencies and pulsation rates which can affect the mind and
nervous system. Some of these effects can be extremely bizarre.
For example, engineer Tom Jarski, in an attempt to replicate the
seminal work of F. Cazzamali, found that a particular frequency
caused a ringing sensation in the ears of his subjects -- who
felt strangely compelled to BITE the experimenters![81]. On the
other hand, the diet-conscious may be intrigued by the finding
that rats exposed to ELF waves failed to gain weight
normally[82].
   For our present purposes, the most significant electromagnetic
research findings concern microwave signals modulated by
hypnoidal EEG frequencies. Microwaves can act much like the
"hemi-synch" device previously described -- that is, they can
entrain the brain to theta rhythms[83]. I need not emphasize the
implications of remotely synchronizing the brain to resonate at a
frequency conducive to sleep, or to hypnosis.
   Trance may be remotely induced -- but can it be directed? Yes.
Recall the intracerebral voices mentioned earlier in our
discussion of Delgado. The same effect can be produced by "the
wave."  Frey demonstrated in the early 1960s that microwaves
could produce booming, hissing, buzzing, and other intra-
cerebral static (this phenomenon is now called "the Frey
effect"); in 1973, Dr. Joseph Sharp, of the Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research, expanded on Frey's work in an experiment
where the subject -- in this case, Sharp himself-- "heard" and
understood spoken words delivered via a pulsed-microwave analog
of the speaker's sound vibrations[84].
   Dr. Robert Becker comments that "Such a device has obvious
applications in covert operations designed to drive a target
crazy with 'voices' or deliver undetectable instructions to a
programmed assassin."[85]  In other words, we now have, AT THE
PUSH OF A BUTTON, the technology either to inflict an electronic
GASLIGHT -- or to create a true MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE. Indeed, the
former capability could effectively disguise the latter. Who will
listen to the victims, when electronically-induced hallucinations
they recount exactly parallel the classical signals of paranoid
schizophrenia and/or temporal lobe epilepsy?
   Perhaps the most ominous revelations, however, concern the
mysterious work of J.F. Schapitz, who in 1974 filed a plan to
explore the interaction of  radio frequencies and hypnosis. He
proposed the following:

         In this investigation it will be shown that the spoken 
      word of the hypnotist may be conveyed by modulated electro-
      magnetic energy DIRECTLY INTO THE SUBCONSCIOUS PARTS OF THE
      HUMAN BRAIN [my italics] -- i.e., without employing any
      technical devices for receiving or transcoding the messages
      and without the person exposed to such influence having a
      chance to control the information input consciously.

   He outlined an experiment, innocent in its immediate effects
yet chilling in its implications, whereby subjects would be
implanted with the subconscious suggestion to leave the lab and
buy a particular item; this action would be triggered by a
certain cue word or action. Schapitz felt certain that the
subjects would rationalize the behavior -- in other words, the
subject would seize upon any excuse, however thin, to chalk up
his actions to the working of free will[86]. His instincts on
this latter point coalesce perfectly with findings of
professional hypnotists[87].
   Schapitz's work was funded by the Department of Defense.
Despite FOIA requests, the results have never been publicly
revealed[88].

FINAL THOUGHTS ON "THE WAVE"

   I must again offer a caveat about possible disparities between
the  "official" record of electromagnetism's psychological
effects and the hidden history. Once more, we face a question of
timing. How long ago did this research REALLY begin?
   In the eary years of this century, Nikola Tesla seems to have
stumbled  upon certain of the behavioral effects of
electromagnetic exposure[89]. Cazamalli, mentioned earlier,
conducted his studies in the 1930s. In 1934, E.L. Chaffe and R.U.
Light published a paper on "A Method for the Remote  Control of
Electrical Stimulation of the Nervous System."[90]  From the very
beginning of their work with microwaves, the Soviets explored the
more subtle physiological effects of electromagnetism -- and
despite the bleatings of  certain right-wing alarmists[91] that
an "electromagnetic gap" separates us from Soviet advances, East
European literature in this area has been closely monitored for
decades by the West. ARTICHOKE/BLUEBIRD project outlines,  dating
from the early 1950s, prominently mention the need to explore all
 possible uses of the electromagnetic spectrum.
   Another point worth mentioning concerns the combination of EMR
and miniature brain electrodes. The father of the stimoceiver,
Dr. J.M.R. Delgado, has recently conducted experiments in which
monkeys are exposed to electromagnetic fields, thereby eliciting
a wide range of behavioral effects -- one monkey might fly into a
volcanic rage while, just a few feet away, his simian partner
begins to nod off. Fascinatingly, when monkeys with brain
implants felt "the wave," the effects were greatly intensified.
Apparently, these tiny electrodes can act as AMPLIFIERS of the
electromagnetic effect[92].
   This last point is important to our "alien abduction" thesis.
Critics might counter that any burst of microwave energy powerful
enough to have truly remote effects would probably also create a
thermal reaction. That is, if a clandestine operator propagated a
"wave" from outside an abductee's bedroom (say, from a low-flying
helicopter, or from a truck travelling alongside the subject's
car), the power necessary to do the job might be such that the
microwave would cook the target before it got a chance to launder
his thoughts. Our abductee would end up like the victim of the
microwave "hit" in the finale of Jerzy Kozinsky's COCKPIT.
   It's a fair criticism. But Delgado's work may give us our
solution. Once an abductee has been implanted -- and if we are to
trust hypnotic regression accounts of abductees at all, the first
implanting session may occur in childhood -- the
chip-in-the-brain would act an an intensifier of the signal. Such
an individual could have any number of "UFO" experiences while
his or her bed partner dozes comfortably.
   Furthermore, recent reports indicate that a "waver" can
achieve pinpoint accuracy without the use of Delgado-style
implants. In 1985, volunteers at the Midwest Research Institute
in Kansas City, Missouri, were exposed to microwave beams as part
of an experiment sponsored by the Department of Energy and the
New York State Department of Health. As THE ARIZONA REPUBLIC[93]
described the experiment, "A matched control group sat IN THE
SAME ROOM without being bombarded by non-ionizing radiation." [My
italics.]  Apparently, one can focus "the wave" quite narrowly --
a fact which has wide implications for abductees.

III. Applications

   So we now have some idea of the tools available to the
"spy-chiatrists." How have these tools been used?
   This question necessarily involves some detective work. The
Central Intelligence Agency, under duress, provided some, though
not enough, documen- tation of its efforts to commandeer "the
space between our ears."  We know that these efforts were
extensive, long-term, and at least partially successful. We know
also that these experiments used human subjects. But who? When?
   One paradox of this line of inquiry is that, for many readers,
the victims elicit sympathy only insofar as they remain
anonymous. Intellectually, we realize that MKULTRA and its allied
projects must have affected hundreds,  probably thousands, of
individuals. Yet we react with deep suspicion  whenever one of
these individuals steps forward and identifies himself, or
whenever an independent investigator argues that mind control has
directed some newsworthy person's otherwise inexplicable actions.
Where, the skeptic may rightfully ask, is the documentation
supporting such accusations? Most of the MKULTRA "paper trail"
was (allegedly) burnt at Richard Helms' order; what's left has
been censored, leaving black ink smudges wherever the names
originally appeared. Claimed mind control victims can, for the
most part, only give us testimony -- and how reliable can such
testimony be, especially in light of the fact that one purpose of
MKULTRA was to induce insanity? Anyone asserting that he was
victimized by the program might well be seeking an extrinsic
excuse for his own psychopathology. If you say that you are a
manufactured madman, you were probably mad to begin with: Catch
22.
   When John Marks wrote THE SEARCH FOR "THE MANCHURIAN
CANDIDATE" he received numerous letters from people insisting
that they had been drugged, "waved," or otherwise abused by the
CIA or the military. Most of these communications went directly
into his crank file. Perhaps many deserved that destination; I
know  of at least one that did not[94].
   Marks did, however, devote much attention to Val Orlikov, a
former "patient" of perhaps the most notorious figure in the
annals of American medical crime: Dr. Ewen Cameron, a CIA-funded
scientist heading the Allan Memorial Institute at McGill
University, Montreal, Canada. Cameron, a highly-respected mental
health researcher[95], experimented with a technique he called
"psychic driving," a brainwashing program which involved
inflicting upon a subject an endless tape loop blaring selected
messages, 16-to-24 hours a day, combined with massive
electroshock and LSD. The project's "guinea pigs" were patients
who had come to Allan Memorial with relatively minor
psychological complaints. Cameron's experiments failed and his
theories were discredited, which may explain why the CIA and its
apologists now feel relatively comfortable discussing the
Frankensteinian efforts at Allan Memorial, as opposed to more
successful work elsewhere.
Orlikov's testimony has received much respectful attention
from those writers who have examined MKULTRA, and correctly so.
When I studied the files at the National Security Archives, I was
particularly keen to read her original letters to John Marks, for
these pages had led to the unmasking of an especially heinous CIA
project. The letters, interestingly enough, proved just as vague,
disjointed, and bizarre as similar correspondence which
researchers routinely dismiss. Orlikov can't be blamed for the
hazy nature of her recollections; a certain amount of fog is to
be expected, given the nature of the crime perpetrated against
her. The important point is that her story,  ultimately, was
found to be true. All of which leads me to wonder: Why did  HER
claims prompt investigation when those of others prompt only
dismissal?  Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that Orlikov's
husband became a Canadian Member of Parliament. Any victims of
CIA experimentation who wish to be taken seriously ought,
perhaps, first make sure to marry well.
   Of course, we can easily forgive previous writers and readers
whose researches into MKULTRA have been biased in favor of
complacency[96]. But we can't let this natural prejudice cripple
our present investigation. Let us  examine, then, a few of the
"horror stories" from the mind control literature and highlight
possible correlations to abductee testimony.

PALLE HARDRUP'S "GUARDIAN ANGEL"

   As mentioned previously, I have not delved much into the
subject of hypnosis in this paper -- primarily because of space
and time limitations, but also  because discussions of the
possibilities of hypnosis PER SE tend to cloud the issue of its
use in conjunction with the above-mentioned electronic
techniques. Obviously, however, hypnosis is a major weapon in the
mind controller's armament; in a forthcoming full-length work, I
intend to deal with this subject at much greater length.
   Needless to say, one of the primary objectives of MKULTRA and
related projects was to determine whether one could hypnotically
induce someone to commit an anti-social act. This possibility
remains one of the most hotly- debated issues in hypnosis, for
conventional wisdom asserts that no individual can be hypnotized
to commit an action which violates his interior moral code.
Martin Orne, editor of the presitigious INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPNOSIS agrees with this axiom[97],
and he is in a position to codify much of the established view on
this topic. Orne, however, is a veteran of MKULTRA, and
furthermore seems to have lied -- at least in his original
communications -- to author John Marks about his witting
involvement in subproject 94[98]. While I respect much of Orne's
ground-breaking work, his pronouncements do not hold, for this
layman, an Olympian unassailability.
   To be sure, many other hypnosis experts, untainted by Company
connections, also discount the possibility that anti-social
actions can be induced. But a number of highly-experienced
professionals -- including Milton Kline, William Kroger, George
Estabrooks, John Watkins, and Herbert Spiegel -- have argued that
such actions can, at least to some degree, be elicited by an
outside manipulator.
   Occasionally, claims of hypnotically-induced anti-social
behavior find their way into the courtroom; one such case, which
led to the incarceration of the hypnotist, was the Palle Hardrup
affair. This incident occurred in Denmark in 1951[99]. Palle
Hardrup robbed a bank, killing a guard in the process, and later
claimed that he had been instructed to do so by the  hypnotist
Bjorn Nielsen. Nielsen eventually confessed to having engineered
the crime as a test of his hypnotic abilities.
   The most significant aspect of this incident concerns the
"pose" Nielsen adopted to work his malicious designs. During the
hypnosis sessions, Nielsen hypnotically suggested that he was
Hardrup's "guardian angel," represented by the letter X. Hardrup
testified that "There is another room next door  where Nielsen
and I go and talk on our own. It is there that my guardian
spirit usually comes and talks to me. Nielsen says that X has a
task for me."
   One of these tasks was arranging for Hardrup's girlfriend to
have sex with the hypnotist. The other tasks, he mentioned,
included robbery and murder. Nielsen convinced his victim that
"X" wanted the robbery funds to be used for worthwhile political
goals. The end, Hardrup was told, justified the means.
   Compare this scenario to that encountered in the typical
contactee case,  in which alien "guardians" convince their
victims/subjects that the encounter will eventually serve some
unspecified "higher purpose."  Indeed, in my interviews with
abductees who have established a "long-term" relationship with
their visitors, I have found that some of them originally
believed themselves in contact with Hardrup-like angelic
guardians. Only in recent years was the "angel" pose discarded
and the true "alien" form revealed.
   Thus we have one possible means of overcoming the proposition
that hypnosis cannot induce anti-social behavior. If a hypnotist
lacks scruples, and has access to a particularly susceptible
subject, he can induce a MISPERCEIVED REALITY. Actions which we
would abhor in an everyday context become acceptable in
specialized circumstances: A citizen who could never commit
murder on a surburban street might, if drafted into an army, kill
on the field of battle. In hypnosis, the mind becomes that
battlefield. In the words of Dr. John Watkins,

         We behave on the basis of our perceptions. If our 
      perceptions of a situation can be altered so as to cause us 
      to misconstrue  it, or to develop a false belief, then our 
      behavior in relation to it will be drastically altered. It 
      is precisely in the area of changing perceptions that the 
      hypnotic modality demonstrates its most powerful effects. 
      Hallucinations both under hypnosis, and posthypnotic, can 
      easily be induced in the suggestible subject. He can be made 
      to ignore painful stimuli, be apparently unable to hear loud 
      sounds, AND "SEE" INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE NOT PRESENT [my 
      italics]. Moreover, attitudes and beliefs can be initiated 
      in him which are quite abnormal and often contrary to those 
      which he previously held[100].

   If traditional hypnosis, unaided, can achieve such changes in
perception, one can only imagine the possibilities inherent in
the combination of hypnotic techniques with the psychoelectronic
research previously described.
   Scientists such as Orne and Milton Erickson[101] have taken
issue with Watkins' assertions. But the Hardrup case would appear
to bear Watkins out. If someone can be convinced that he, like
Jeanne D'Arc, acts under the influence of a supernatural higher
power, then previously unthinkable capabilitites may be evinced
and "impossible" actions carried forth. Indeed, when we consider
the extreme personality changes -- and occasionally, the heinous
actions, elicited by leaders of certain cults, and occult
groups[102], we understand the desirability of installing a
hypnotic "cover story" within a supernatural matrix. People will
do for God -- or the Devil, or the Space Brothers -- what they
would not do otherwise.
   The date of the Hardrup affair corresponds to the institution
of BLUEBIRD/ ARTICHOKE; it doesn't require much imagination to
see how this case could have served as a model to the scientists
researching those and subsequent projects.
   
SCREEN MEMORY

   According to declassified documents in the Marks files, a
major difficulty faced by the MKULTRA researchers concerned the
"disposal problem."  What to do with the victims of CIA-sponsored
electroshock, hypnosis, and drug experiment- ation? The Company
resorted to distressing, but characteristic, tactics: They
disposed of their human guinea pigs by incarcerating them in
insane asylums, by performing icepick lobotomies, and by ordering
"executive actions."[103]
   A more sophisticated solution had to be found. One of the
goals of the  CIA's mind control efforts was the erasure of
memory via hypnosis (and drugs, electronics, lobotomies, etc.);
not only would this hide what occurred during the experimental
indoctrination/programming sessions, it would prove useful in the
field. "Amnesia was a big goal," confirms Victor Marchetti, who
points out its usefulness in dealing with contract agents: "After
you've done it, the  agent doesn't even know what he's done...you
send him in, he does the job. When he comes out, you clean his
head out."[104]
   The big problem: Despite hypnotically-induced amnesia, there
would be memory leaks -- snippets of the repressed material would
arise spontaneously, in dreams, as flashbacks, etc. A proposed
solution: Give the subject a "screen memory," a false story;
thus, even if he starts to recall the material, he will recall it
incorrectly.
   Even the conservative Dr. Orne notes that:

         A S [subject] who is able to develop good posthypnotic
      amnesia will also respond to suggestions to remember events 
      which did not actually occur. On awakening, he will fail to 
      recall the real events of the trance and will instead recall 
      the suggested events. If anything, this phenomenon is easier 
      to produce than total amnesia, perhaps because it eliminates 
      the subjective feeling of an empty space in memory.[105]

   Not only would the screen memories fill in the uncomfortable
blanks in the subjects' recollection, they would protect against
revelation. One fear of the MKULTRA scientists was that a
hypno-programmed individual used as, say, a courier, could be
un-programmed by another hypnotist, perhaps working for the
enemy. Thus, the MKULTRA scientists decided to instill multiple
personalities -- multiple cover stories, if you will -- to
confuse any "unauthorized" hypnotist.[106]
   One case using this technique centered on an assassin named
Luis Castillo, who, after his capture in the Philippines, was
extensively de-briefed and studied by experts in the employ of
the National Bureau of Investigation, that country's equivalent
to our FBI. Castillo was discovered to have had at least FOUR
separate personalities hypnotically instilled; each personality
could be triggered by a specific cue. In one state, he claimed to
be Sgt. Manuel Angel Ramirez, of the Strategic Air Tactical
Command in South Vietnam; supposedly, "Ramirez" was the
illegitimate son of a certain pipe-smoking, highly-placed CIA
official whose initials were A.D.[107]  Another personality
claimed to be one of John F. Kennedy's assassins.
   The main hypnotist involved with this case labelled these
hypnotic alter- egos "Zombie states."  The report on the case
stated that "The Zombie pheno- menon referred to here is a
somnambulistic behavior displayed by the subject in a conditioned
response to a series of words, phrases, and statements,
apparently unknown to the subject during his normal waking
state."
   Upon Castillo's repatriation to the United States, the FBI
claimed that he had fabricated the story. In his book OPERATION
MIND CONTROL, Walter Bowart makes a convincing case against the
FBI's claims. Certainly, many aspects of the Castillo affair
argue for his sincerity -- including his hypnotically- induced
insensitivity to pain[108], his maintenance of the story (or
stories) even when severly inebriated, and his apparently
programmed suicide attempts.
   If Castillo told the truth, as I believe he did, then he
manifested both hypnotically-induced multiple personality and
pseudomemory. The former remains controversial; the latter has
been repeatedly replicated in experimental situations[109].
   This point is vitally important for students of the abduction
phenomenon. We CANNOT assume the accuracy of abduction
descriptions given during subsequent hypnotic regression.
Moreover, we cannot even assume the accuracy of spon-
taneously-arising recollections (i.e., abduction memories not
elicited through hypnotic regression). Indeed, responsible
skeptics have argued that hypnotic regression may prove
inadvertently harmful, in that it may lock in place a false
remembrance. (Note, however, that other psychiatric professionals
consider hypnotic regression the best technique, however flawed,
in unlocking amnesia[110]. For my part, I maintain an ambivalent
and cautious attitude toward the use of hypnosis in abductee
work.)
   Granted, it is all too easy for the debunkers to cry
"confabulation" to dismiss hypnotic testimony which does not
conform to our preconceptions about the possible; I do not intend
to make this same error. Whenever skeptics offer the phenomenon
of pseudomemory to rationalize abduction claims, they cite
experimental situations in which PSEUDOMEMORY WAS ORIGINALLY
CREATED BY A HYPNOTIST[111]. These experiments can not be cited
as proof that an individual abductee spontaneously conjured up a
fantasy (which just happens to correspond to the details of
hundreds of similar "fantasies"). Rather, laboratory studies of
pseudomemory creation prove MY point: Pseudomemory can be induced
BY  PREVIOUS HYPNOSIS[112]. 
   In other words, an abductee may talk of aliens -- when the
reality was something else entirely.
   In correspondence with me, a noted abduction researcher wrote
of an instance in which an abductee recounted seeing a helicopter
during his experience; as  the abductee testimony progressed, the
helicopter turned into a UFO. During one of the (quite few)
regression sessions I attended, I heard an exactly similar
narrative. Hopkins would argue that the helicopter was a "screen
memory"  hiding the awful reality of the UFO encounter. But does
Occam's razor really cut that way? Shouldn't we also consider the
possibility that the object in question really WAS a helicopter
-- which the abductee was instructed to recall as a UFO?

THE SUPER SPY

   Among the released BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE/MKULTRA papers was the
following handwritten memorandum, unsigned and undated:

         I have developed a technic which is safe and secure (free
      from international censorship). It has to do with the
      conditioning of our own people. I can accomplish this as a
      one-man job. The method is the production of hypnosis by 
      means of simple oral medication. Then (with NO further 
      medication) the hypnosis is re-enforced daily during the 
      following three or four days. Each individual is conditioned 
      against revealing any information to an enemy, even though 
      subjected to hypnosis or drugging. If preferable, he may be 
      conditioned to give FALSE information rather than NO 
      information.

   In the margin of this document, one of Marks' assistants
wrote, "Is this Wendt?"  The reference here is to G. Richard
Wendt, a professor employed by project CHATTER who, in 1951, led
both his Naval employers and the CIA on a mind control
merry-goose-chase, when an experiment similar to that described
above failed to produce results[113]. Even if the above
memorandum DOES describe an operational failure (and the tactics
described in this memo do not seem very feasible to me), we
should not rest complacent. We now know that, in at least ONE
case, more sophisticated techniques made the above scenario a
reality.
   I refer to the case of Candy Jones.
   Her story has filled at least one book[114] and ought, one
day, to give rise to another. Obviously, I cannot here give all
the details of this fascinating and frightening narrative. But a
precis is mandatory.
   Ms. Jones (born Jessica Wilcox) achieved star status as a
model during World War II, and later established her own
modelling agency. An FBI man requested her to allow her place of
business to be used as a "mail drop" for the Bureau and "another
government agency" (presumably, the CIA); Candy, deeply
patriotic, accepted the proposition gladly. Toiling on the
fringes of the clandestine world, Candy eventually came into
contact with a "Dr. Gilbert Jensen," who worked, in turn, with a
"Dr. Marshall Burger."  (Both names are pseudonyms.)  Unknown to
her, these doctors had been employed as "spy- chiatrists" by the
CIA. Using a job interview as a cover, Jensen induced  hypnosis,
found Candy to be a particularly responsive subject -- and
proceeded to use her as other scientists would use a rhesus
monkey. She became a test subject for the CIA's mind control
program.
   Her job -- insofar as it is known -- was to provide a
clandestine courier service[115]. Estabrooks had outlined the
basic idea years earlier: Induce hypnosis via a disguised
technique, give the messenger information to  memorize,
hypnotically "erase" the message from conscious memory, and
install a post-hypnotic suggestion that the message (now buried
within the sub- conscious) will be brought forth only upon a
specific cue. If the hypnotist can create such a courier,
ultra-security can be guaranteed; even torture won't cause the
messenger to tell what he knows -- because he doesn't know that
he  knows it[116]. According to the highly respected Dr. Milton
Kline, "Evidence really does exist that has not been published"
proving that Estabrooks' perfect secret agent could be
successfully evoked[117].
   Candy was one such success story. Success, in this context,
means that she could be -- and was -- brutally tortured and
abused while running assignments for the CIA. All the MKULTRA
toys were brought into play: hypnosis, drugs, conditioning -- and
electronics. Using these devices, Jensen and Burger  managed to:

-- install a "duplicate personality,"

-- create amnesia of both the programming sessions and the field
assignments,

-- turn Candy into a vicious, hate-mongering bigot, the better to
isolate her from the rest of humanity (previously, her associates
considered her noteworthy for her racial tolerance; her modelling  
agency was one of the first to break the color barrier), and

-- program her to commit suicide at the end of her usefulness to
the Agency.

   The programming techniques used on her were flawed. She
breached security when she married famed New York radio
personality John Nebel[118], who, using hypnotic regression,
elicited the long-repressed truth. Eventually, the "Other Candy"
was bade farewell, and the programming broken.
   Skeptics might find Candy's story as incredible as the
abduction accounts-- after all, an amateur had conducted her
hypnotic regression, and the possi- bility of confabulation
always lurks. Nevertheless, I feel that the veracity of her
narrative has been established beyond reasonable doubt. In her
hypnotic regression sessions, she recalled being programmed at a
government-connected institute in northern California -- which,
as John Marks' investigators later proved, was indeed heavily
involved with government-funded brainwashing research[119]. Marks
himself believes Candy's story -- not least, because the details
of the programming methods used on her were substantiated by
documents released AFTER her book was published[120]. Interviews
with Milton Kline, Dr. Frances Jakes, John Watkins and others
provided the testimony that the programming of Candy Jones was
feasible -- and Deep Trance substantiated the story[121].
   Recently, the case has received important "indirect"
confirmation:  Investigators interested in follow-up research
have filed FOIA requests with  the CIA for all papers relating to
Candy Jones. The agency admits that it has a substantial file on
her, but refuses to release any part of it. If her tale is false,
then why would the CIA be so reluctant to deliver the
information? Indeed, why would they have a file in the first
place?[122]
   The final confirmation of Candy's tale requires a revelation
-- one which I make with some trepidation, even though the
individual named is dead.
   "Marshall Burger" was really Dr. William Kroger[123].
   Kroger, long associated with the espionage establishment, had
written the following in 1963:

         ...a good subject can be hypnotized to deliver secret
      information. The memory of this message could be covered
      by an artificially-induced amnesia. In the event that he
      should be captured, he naturally could not remember that he
      had ever been given the message...however, since he had
      been given a post-hypnotic suggestion, the message would be
      subject to recall through a specific cue.[124]

   If Candy confabulated her story, why did she name this
particualr scientist, who, writing theoretically in 1963,
predicted the subsequent events in her life?[125]
   After L'AFFAIR JONES, Kroger transferred his base of
operations to UCLA -- specifically, to the Neuropsychiatric
Institute run by Dr. Louis Jolyon West, an MKULTRA veteran. There
he wrote HYPNOSIS AND BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION[126], with a preface
by Martin Orne (another MKULTRA veteran) and H.J. Eysenck (still
another MKULTRA veteran). The finale of this opus contains
chilling hints of the possibilites inherent in combining hypnosis
with ESB, implants, and conditioning -- though Kroger is careful
to point out that "we are not concerned that man might be
conditioned by rewards and punishments through electronic brain
stimulation to be controlled like robots."[127]  HE may not be
concerned -- but perhaps WE ought to be.
   The control of Candy Jones gives us much information useful to
our "alien abduction" hypothesis.
   1. Her torture sessions -- inflicted during her programming by
her CIA masters, and on missions by as-yet mysterious persons --
seem strikingly like the otherwise senselessly painful
"examinations" allegedly conducted aboard alien spacecraft.
   2. Her personality shifts roughly parallel those experienced
by certain UFO abductees.
   3. Despite her brutalization, she remained "loyal" to Drs.
Jensen and  Burger. This bewildering behavior reminds me of my
first abductee interviews, during which I heard ghastly
descriptions of UFO torture sessions -- followed by protestations
of limitless love for the alien pain-mongers.
   4. Like many abductees, Candy had to attend regular
"conditioning" sessions. Repeated exposure to the programming is
necessary to effect continuous control.
   5. To maintain their hammerlock on her mind, Candy's handlers
programmed her to remain isolated. Specifically, they instilled a
deep paranoia toward other human beings; "outsiders" were
probable enemies, out to use or abuse her. I  have seen this
pattern consistently in my own work with abductees[128]. Skep-
tics would argue that unreasonable abductee fears probably
indicate paranoid schizophrenia--one symptom of which can,
indeed, be hallucinatory experiences. But most abductees are
easily hypnotized, while paranoid schizophrenics are extremely
difficult to "put under," according to Dr. Edward Simpson-Kallas,
a psychiatrist with wide experience in the area of forensic
hypnosis[129]. If, however, those unreasonable fears had been
hypnotically induced, the contra- diction is resolved.
   6. Candy was the product of an unhappy childhood, hence her
propensity toward multiple personality[130]. Many of the
"repeater" abductees I have interviewed had similarly depressing
family histories[131].
   7. The story of Candy Jones also has what we might call a
"negative relevance" to the abduction accounts. Because the
Controllers did not establish a hypnotic cover story, or
pseudomemory, the true facts of the case managed to percolate
into her conscious mind. No matter how thorough the post-
hypnotic amnesia, leaks will occur -- hence the need for a false
memory, to fill the gap of recollection. The CIA learns from its
mistakes. Candy's hypno-programming broke down in early 1973 --
the year the "alien disguise" became (if my hypothesis proves
correct) standard operating procedure[132]. (Milton Kline
accepted the Candy Jones story, but considered the job amateurish
and inconsistent with the best work done at that time[133].
Perhaps the major fault was the lack of a pseudomemory cover
story?)

BASES OF SUSPICION

   "Underground base" rumors are as hot as jalapenos in the UFO
field right now, and several of these stories involve abductions.
   For example, a sideshow of the famous Bentwaters UFO case
involves the abduction of an airman named Larry Warren to an
underground cavity beneath the military base. There, while in
what he later described as "a bit of a drugged state," he saw
aliens and human beings -- military figures -- working side-by-
side[134].
   I have spoken to another abductee, Nancy Wright, who was
allegedly taken to an underground chamber ten miles north of
Edwards AFB, California. As this was a multiple-witness event,
and Ms. Wright has not attempted to capitalize on the story for
financial gain, I tend to credit her story[135]. According to
abduction researcher Miranda Parks, an elderly couple living in
the vicinity was also abducted in an exactly similar
fashion[136].
   In 1979, Paul Bennewitz and Leo Sprinkle researched a
particularly controversial abduction involving a young woman
(name unrevealed) who was apparently taken to a facility where
aliens processed fluids and body parts from a cattle mutilation.
This investigation seems to have led to the  government
harassment of Bennewitz, in which some form of mind control (or,
as I have previously referred to it, "electronic GASLIGHT") may
have played a  part[137].
   How do we account for these tales of alleged alien
skullduggery carried out in conjunction with the military? I, for
one, cannot credit the generally- unsubstantiated tales of
"cosmic conspiracy" now promulgated by ex-intelligence agents
such as John Lear and William Cooper. While I cannot assert
insincerity on the part of these men, I often wonder if they have
been used as conduits -- witting or unwitting -- in a
sophisticated disinformation scheme. 
   A simpler, though no less chilling, explanation for the "base"
abductions may be found in the story of Dr. Louis Jolyon West,
now notorious for his participation in MKULTRA experiments with
LSD[138]. Inspired by VIOLENCE AND THE BRAIN (a book by Drs.
Frank Ervin and Vernon H. Mark which ascribed inner city turmoil
to a "genetic defect" within rebellious blacks), West proposed,
in 1973, a Center for the Study and Reduction of  Violence, where
potentially violent individuals could be dealt with
prophylactically. ["I was cured, all right." - A CLOCKWORK ORANGE
 -jpg]
   And who were these individuals? According to West's proposal,
the note- worthy factors indicating a violent predisposition were
"sex (male), age (youthful), ethnicity (black) and urbanicity."
How to deal with them? "...by implanting tiny electrodes deep
within the brain, electrical activity can be followed in areas
that cannot be measured from the surface of the scalp...it is
even possible to record bioelectrical changes in the brains of
freely-moving subjects, through the use of remote monitoring
techniques..."  By monitoring the subjects' EEGs remotely,
potentially violent episodes could be identified.
   For our purposes, the most significant aspect of this proposal
had to do with location. In a secret communication to Dr. J.M.
Stubblebine, director of the California State Department of
Health (fortunately, this missive was "leaked" to the public),
West disclosed that he intended to house his Center in an
abandoned Nike missile base, whose location was accessible yet
relatively remote. "The site is securely fenced," West wrote.
"Compara- tive studies could be carried out there, in an isolated
but convenient location, of experimental model programs, for the
alteration of undesirable behavior."[139]
   Public outcry stopped these plans. But was this scheme truly
eliminated? Or was it merely modified, stripped (temporarily) of
its overtly racial overtones and relocated to some
less-accessible spot?
   One thing is certain: A CIA "spy-chiatrist" favored secret
behavior control experimentation in a remote military
installation. Perhaps someone within the espionage
establishment's mind-modification divisions still thinks highly
of the idea. If so, the disposal problem would once again rear
its ugly head, should "visitors" to these installations ever
reappear in outside society. Again, a hypno-programmed cover
story -- the less believable, the better -- would prove
invaluable.

THE SCANDINAVIAN CONNECTION

   Many books have been written about abductees, yet few exist
about the  victims of mind control. I cannot understand this
situation; the reality of UFOs is still controversial, yet the
existence of mind control was verified in two (heavily
compromised) congressional investigations and in thousands of
FOIA documents. Nevertheless, the abductees find many a
sympathetic ear, while those few who dare to proclaim themselves
the victims of known government programs rarely find anyone to
hear them out. Our prejudices on this score are regrettable, for
if we listened to the "controllees" we would hear many details
strikingly similar to those mentioned by UFO abductees.
   Two cases in point: Martti Koski and Robert Naeslund.
   Koski, a Finnish citizen, claims to have been a victim of mind
control experimentation while visiting Canada. Shortly after his
experience began, he attempted to broadcast his situation to the
world and draw attention to his plight. Few listened. Many of his
details were bizarre, and not being a native speaker of English,
he could not express himself convincingly to those he approached
for help. Yet many aspects of his story correspond closely to
known details of MKULTRA and related programs.
   Naeslund, a Swedish citizen, tells a similar story. Moreover,
his claims were backed by special evidence: X-rays revealed an
implant in his brain. Naeslund actually went to the extreme of
having his implant tested by electronic technicians employed by
Hewlett-Packard. A Greek surgeon performed the necessary
trepanation to remove the device.
   Many aspects of the Koski and Naeslund stories correspond to
my hypothesis. Koski, for example, was at one point told that the
doctors afflicting him were actually "aliens from Sirius."  At
another point, he was led to believe that he was under direction
of "the Lord."  (As I previously indicated, manipulation of
religious imagery could help induce anti-social behavior; the
subject's super-ego can be nullified if he believes that he
follows commands from on high. Such manipulation may explain the
more bizarre aspects of Betty Andreasson Luca's abduction[140].)
   Naeslund's implant was originally placed through his nasal
cavity. He first realized that something terrible had happened to
him after an experience of missing time, followed by an
INEXPLICABLE NOSEBLEED.
   This detail will be instantly familiar to anyone who has
studied abductions; I have encountered it in my own conversations
with abductees. For an excellent example in the UFO literature, I
refer the reader to the case of Susan Ransted, as detailed in
Kevin D. Randle's THE UFO CASEBOOK[141]; the background of
alleged contactee Diane Tessman is also noteworthy in this
regard[142].  Intriguingly, I have located a reference in the
open literature to the use, in animal study, of nasally-implanted
electrodes for the measurement of electro- magnetic radiation
effects[143].
   There are other claimed mind control victims bearing evidence
of implants; note, especially, the fascinating case of James
Petit, a CIA-connected pilot and alleged brainwashing alumnus;
X-rays of his cranium have revealed abductee- style implants --
fitting, perhaps, since his body bears abductee-style scars.
[144]  Conversely, certain abductees will, if allowed a thorough
and sympa- thetic hearing, deliver testimony strongly agreeing
with Koski's narrative.

HELICOPTERS AND DISKS

   The bizarre story of Rex Niles and his sister (not named in
news accounts) may shed interesting light on a variety of
abductee cases, particularly that of Betty and Barney Hill[145].
Niles, the high-rolling owner of a Woodland Hills defense
subcontracting firm (Rex Rep) was fingered by authorities
investigating defense industry kickbacks. He became an
extraordinarily cooperative witness in the investigation -- until
he was targeted by his enemies, who allegedly used
psychoelectronics as harassment.

The following excerpt from the LOS ANGELES TIMES article on
Niles is particularly compelling:

         He [Niles] produced testimony from his sister, a Simi
      Valley woman who swears that helicopters have repeatedly
      circled her home. An engineer measured 250 watts of
      microwaves in the atmosphere outside Niles' house and
      found a RADIOACTIVE DISK UNDERNEATH THE DASH OF HIS CAR
      [my italics].
         A former high school friend, Lyn Silverman, claimed
      that her home computer went haywire when Niles stepped
      close to it.

   No aliens in this story -- yet how similar it is to tales of
alien abduction! The low-flying helicopters, of course, are
frequently reported by abduction victims -- the Betty Andreasson
Luca case provides the best- known example[146]. The haywire
electronics equipment is also frequently encountered in putative
abduction cases; I have spoken (independently) to three women who
claimed to have been able to disturb or shut off televisions and
stereos simply by walking past the devices; one woman even
claimed she had switched off her TV simply by pointing at it.
   But the radioactive disc is especially intriguing. As former
FBI agent Ted Gunderson recently explained to my associate
Alexander Constantine, magnetic radioactive discs have long been
used by the clandestine services as cancer-inducing "silent
killers" -- i.e., as tools of assassination. Not only that. The
disc calls to mind one little-remembered detail of the Hill case
-- the dozen-or-so circular "shiny spots," each the size of a
silver dollar, found on the trunk of her car directly after the
abduction. A compass needle reacted wildly when placed near these
spots. Could they have marked the location where an
electromagnetic or radioactive device, similar to that found by
Niles, was placed on the car? (Such a device might have been held
to the spot magnetic- ally, hence the circular impressions.)  If
so, then the disorienting EMR could have helped induce the Hills'
"UFO sighting."

THE MILITARY AND MIND CONTROL

   Some time ago, I attended hypnotic regression sessions in
which the  subject -- a claimed UFO abductee -- recalled
undergoing a mysterious "brain operation" at a veteran's hospital
in California. The operation was performed by human beings, not
aliens. Interestingly, this same hospital was mentioned in two
other cases I encountered. These other claims were not made by
abductees, but by people alleged to have been victims of mind
control experi- mentation.
   One of these claimants, a former Navy SEAL who undertook
numerous dangerous missions in Vietnam, favorably impressed me
with the wealth of detail in his story[147]. This individual --
I've taken to calling him "the trained SEAL"-- had received
specialized combat training at a military base in California; he
claims that at one point during this training he was drugged,
hypnotized,  possibly placed under some form of electronic
control, and subjected to the extremes of pain/pleasure operant
conditioning. One peculiar detail of his story concerns the
"reward" aspect of the conditioning: When properly  acquiescent,
he was given unlimited sexual access to a woman who, the SEAL
avers, was herself the victim of brainwashing.
   Unbelievable as this last claim may seem, I found it oddly
resonant when I later interviewed a prominent abductee in the
Southern California area, who bravely offered me details on a
puzzling, albeit quite delicate, incident in her past. Still an
attractive woman, she recalled for me -- indeed, seemed strangely
compelled to describe -- an early love affair with a young
soldier training at a military base near her home. She cannot
recall the soldier's name. All she remembers is that one day he
started LIVING AT HER FAMILY'S HOUSE; she has no memory of how
the arrangement began, and her parents have never felt
comfortable discussing the matter. Although unattracted to this
soldier, she felt compelled to become intimate with him, adopting
a pliant, obeisant attitude that was quite out of character for
her. Later, the soldier went on to covert missions in Vietnam.
   Of course, a young person's psycho-sexual development is never
smooth, and the incident related above may merely have
represented one peculiarly upsetting bump in that notoriously
rough road. Still, some of the details of this story --
particularly the parents' attitude, the woman's personality
shift, and her subsequent memory lapses -- are striking, and I
treat with respect the abduc- tee's intuition that this minor
enigma in her personal history could, if properly understood,
shed light on her later "missing time" experiences.
   Could the "trained SEAL" have been right? Was there, IS there,
a coterie of hypno-programmed soldiers conducting particularly
hazardous missions? And do the programmers have at their disposal
a "ladies' auxiliary," so to speak, of hypnotized camp followers?
   If the SEAL's story stood alone, skeptics could easily dismiss
it (provided they did not sit, as I did, face-to-face with the
story's teller, listening to all the grisly and unsettling
details). But other veterans have added their voices to this grim
tale. Daniel Sheehan, of the Christic Institute, claims that his
organization has spoken to half-a-dozen individuals with
narratives similar to my SEAL informant. All had received
"processing," so to speak, within the context of standard
military training; after pro- gramming and specialized combat
instruction by mercenaries, the recruits were placed "on hold,"
to be used as situations arose -- and some of those  situations
occurred within the United States[148].
   Walter Bowart began his own researches into mind control by
placing an ad in SOLDIER-OF-FORTUNE-style publications, asking
for correspondence from veterans who experienced inexplicable
lapses in memory or strange behavior modification techniques
while serving in Vietnam; he received over 100 replies. Bowart
devoted an entire chapter to one of these respondents -- an Air
Force veteran named David, who ended his four-year tour of duty
recalling only that he had spent the time "having fun, skin
diving, laying on the beach, collecting shells...It never dawned
on me until later that I must have DONE something while I was in
the service."  (An obvious example of screen memory.)  He was
also "assigned" a girlfriend whose name he cannot now recall,
despite the length and deep intimacy of the affair[149]. The
parallels to the SEAL's story and the abductee's account should
be obvious.
   We even have a confession, of sorts, from a scientist who
specialized in one aspect of this sort of training. Lt. Commander
Thomas Narut, of the U.S. Naval Hospital at the NATO headquarters
in Naples, Florida, admitted during a lecture in Oslo that
recruits in Naples underwent CLOCKWORK-ORANGE- style behavior
modification sessions. Trainees would be strapped into chairs
with their eyelids clamped open while watching films of
industrial accidents and African circumcision ceremonies -- films
frequently used by psychologists as a means of inducing stress in
experimental situations. Unlike the protagonist in A CLOCKWORK
ORANGE, who learned revulsion at the sight of violence, Narut's
soldiers were taught to accept and enjoy bloodshed, to view it
with equanimity. Similar techniques were used to dehumanize
potential enemies. Graduates of this program became, in Narut's
words, "hit men and assassins," to be placed in American
embassies throughout the world.
   When questioned by reporters about these claims, the American
government denied the story; Narut -- after a long incommunicado
period and apparent  coercion -- later explained to journalists
that he had merely spoken  theoretically. If so, why did he
originally describe the behavior modification procedure as an
ongoing program?[150]
   And while it may seem frivolous to return to the subject of
abductions after examining such grim data, I should remind the
reader of the many abduction accounts in which abductees recall
being forced to watch certain stress- inducing motion pictures.
The aliens, it seems, have learned a few lessons from Dr. Narut.
   Narut, of course, concentrated on selective programming of
individual American soldiers; on the other side of the mind
control spectrum, Defense Department specialists have also
concentrated on methods to render entire enemy battalions "combat
ineffective."  Electromagnetic weaponry, intended to wipe out the
aggression of the enemy, is the province of DARPA, under the
direction of Dr. Jack Verona. These projects remain fairly
mysterious; we do know, however, that one operation, SLEEPING
BEAUTY, employed the services of Dr. Michael Persinger, a
scientist who has expressed interesting views regarding UFOs.
   Persinger discovered a method of using ELF waves to induce the
brain's MAST cells to release histamine; should a battlefield
commander wish to subject his enemy to mass bouts of vomiting,
Persinger's trick could do the job even faster than a Tobe Hooper
movie. The method works on animals. "The question," writes mind
control researcher Larry Collins, "is how to get from point A to
point B without violating one of the most rigorous commandments
of Government ethics -- thou shalt not conduct experiments like
that on human beings."[151]
   If Collins had studied the record a little more carefully, he
might realize that the government hasn't always regarded this
commandment as something graven in stone. As Milton Kline put it:

         Ethical factors involved in most research would preclude
      having positive results. Those ethical factors don't always
      hold with government research. THE RESEARCH WHICH HAS GIVEN
      REALLY POSITIVE RESULTS HAS NOT BEEN LIMITED BY ETHICAL
      CONSTRAINTS[152]. [my italics]

THE ULTIMATE MOTIVE FOR MIND CONTROL

   Hypnosis hard-liners of the Orne school would almost certainly
dismiss the foregoing veterans' accounts of the use of hypnosis,
drugs and behavioral conditioning on American fighting men. Why,
the skeptics would ask, would anyone attempt to create a
"Manchurian Candidate" when the military services, using entirely
conventional means, can create a "Rambo"? There have always been
recruits for even the most hazardous duties; what need of
hypnosis?
   The need, in fact, is absolute.
   The modern battlefield has little place for the traditional
soldier. Advanced weaponry requires an increasing level of
technical sophistication, which in turn requires a cool-headed
operator. But the all-too-human combatant -- though capable of
extraordinary acts of courage under the most stressful conditions
imaginable -- does not possess inexhaustible reserves of
SANG-FROID. Eventually, breakdowns will occur. Per-capita
psychiatric casualties have increased dramatically in each
successive American conflict. As Richard Gabriel, the excellent
historian of the role of psychiatry in warfare, writes:

         Modern warfare has become so lethal and so intense that
      only the already insane can endure it...Modern war requiring
      continuous combat will increase the degree of fatigue on the
      soldier to heretofore unknown levels. Physical fatigue --
      especially the lack of sleep -- will increase the rate of
      psychiatric casualties enormously. Other factors -- high
      rates of indirect fire, night fighting, lack of food, constant
      stress, large numbers of casualties -- will ensure that the
      number of psychiatric casualties will reach disastrous pro-
      portions. And the number of casualties will overburden the
      medical structure to the point of collapse.
         The ability to treat psychiatric casualties will all but
      disappear. There will be no safe forward areas in which to 
      treat soldiers debilitated by mental collapse. The technology
      of modern war has made such locations functionally 
      obsolete...[153]

   According to Gabriel, the military intends to meet this
challenge by creating "the chemical soldier," a designer-drugged
zombie in fighting man's uniform:

         On the battlefields of the future we will witness a true
      clash of ignorant armies, armies ignorant of their own 
      emotions and even of the reasons for which they fight.
      Soldiers on all sides will be reduced to fearless chemical
      automatons who fight simply because they can do nothing
      else...Once the chemical genie is out of the bottle, the
      full range of human mental and physical actions become
      targets for chemical control...Today it is already possible
      by chemical or electrical stimulation to increase the
      aggression levels of the human being by stimulating the
      amygdala, a section of the brain known to control aggression
      and rage. Such "human potential engineering" is already a
      partial reality and the necessary technical knowledge
      increases every day[154].

   While this passage speaks of drugs and electronics, we can
safely assume that the planners of battle would not refrain from
using any other promising technique.
   Gabriel writes primarily of large-scale battle scenarios, but
based on his information, we can fairly deduce that the
mind-controlled soldier will also play a role in the surgical
strike, the covert operation, the infiltration behind enemy lines
by units of the Special Forces. On such missions, United States
personnel have increasingly relied on torture as a means of
interro- gation and intimidation[155], and as such barbarism
becomes standard procedure the American fighting man of the
future will need to find within himself unprecedented reserves of
brutality. Will the average recruit, culled from the nation's
suburbs and reared on traditional ideals, possess such reserves?
   Vietnam proved that the soldier, despite a barrage of
propaganda intended to cloud his discernment, will sense the
difference between fighting for legit- imate defense interests
and fighting to protect political hegemony. To  forestall this
realization, or to render it irrelevant, military planners must
withdraw the human combatant and replace him with a new species
of warrior. The soldier of the future will not discern; he will
merely do. He will not be a butcher; he will be the butcher's
KNIFE -- a tool among tools, thoughtless and effective.
   And it is my contention that to create this soldier of the
future, the controllers will need a continuing program, one
designed to test each new method and combination of methods for
conquering the human mind.
   One primary goal of this program must include expanding the
human capacity for stress and violence. Subjects enrolled in such
experimental procedures will experience pain, and will learn to
accept the pain. Eventually, they will learn to inflict it,
without remorse or even remembrance. The nation who first creates
this new soldier will possess a decisive advantage on the
"conven- tional" battlefield -- as will the nation which first
develops a means of using mass mind control techniques to disable
entire enemy platoons. [And to placate whole civilian
populations, both those of the enemy and those at home. -jpg]
This paramount military necessity is the reason why I will never
believe any unconvincing reassurances that our nation's
clandestine scientists have fore- gone or will forego research
into behavior modification. This research will never be mere
history. What's past is present, and today's covert experiment-
ation will become tomorrow's basic training.
   A prototype of the future warrior may already be with us. The
Navy SEAL I interviewed spoke in horrifying detail of
dismemberment without emotion, of rape as routine, of killing
without affect. And then FORGETTING THAT HE HAD KILLED. Even
years later, he could not recall the stories behind many of the
wounds on his own body. He claims that whenever he would need the
services of the veteran's hospital, doctors would re-hypnotize
him shortly after his admission, while a physician specifically
cleared for such work would examine his medical history, which
was highly classified and kept under lock and key.
   According to the SEAL's testimony, his memory block cracked
little by little, as a result of events too complex to recount
here. Finally, years after Vietnam, he was able to remember what
he did.
   Amnesia was a blessing.

IV. Abductions

   Press and public now regard abductees as tony curiosities, yet
science, for the most part, still banishes their tales to the
domain of the damned, as Charles Fort defined damnation. So too
with claimed victims of mind control. The Voice of Authority
tells us that MKULTRA belongs to history; like Hasdrubal and
Hitler, it threatened once, but no more. Anyone insisting
otherwise must be silenced by glib rationalization and selective
inattention.
   Yet these two topics -- UFO abductions and mind control --
have more in common than their mutual ostracization. The data
overlap. If we could chart these phenomena on a Venn diagram, we
would see a surprisingly large inter- section between the two
circles of information. It is this overlap I seek to address.
   Note, however, that I can NOT address all the other
interesting and important issues raised by the UFO abduction
experience. For exmaple, I have written, admittedly rather
vaguely, of nasal implants reported by abductees -- the sort of
detail which might place an account in the "high strangeness"
category, and of course, a detail central to my thesis. But what
percentage  of the percipients speak of such implants? A truly
scientific analysis would provide a figure. Unfortunately, I
haven't the resources to compile a sufficiently large abductee
sample from which one could draw statistics. Nor can I make an
over-arching qualitative analysis, measuring the value of "high
strangeness" reports against other abductee claims. All I can do
is note the available literature, and leave the reader to wonder,
as I do, whether the compilers of that literature concentrated on
exceptional cases or were biased in favor of the less fantastic
abductee accounts. I have supplemented readings of the abduction
literature with my own interviews with percipients -- which,
since abductees tend to know other abductees, can give a
surprisingly wide view of the phenomenon. This view has been
broadened still further by my talks and correspondence with other
members of the UFO community.
   Of course, we must recognize the difference between testimony
and proof. No one can state definitively that abduction reports
have a basis in objective reality (however misperceived).
Ultimately, all we have are stories. Some of these stories may be
of questionable veracity; others may be contaminated by
investigator bias; many are insufficiently detailed. No one
research paper can resolve all abduction controversies, and many
necessary battles must be fought on other fields.
   Still, the testimony won't go away -- and we certainly have
enough to allow for comparisons. I maintain that an unprejudiced
overview of abduction reports in the popular press and the
less-familiar material on mind control will demonstrate a
striking correlation. Once other abduction researchers have been
educated in the ways of MKULTRA (and this paper is intended as an
introductory text) they may note a similar pattern. If so, we can
then begin to write a revisionist history of the phenomenon.
   The abduction enigma contains within it sub-mysteries that
slide into the mind control scenario with surprising ease, even
elegance -- mysteries which fit the E.T. hypothesis as
uncomfortably as a size 10 foot fits into a size 8 shoe. As we
have seen, the MKULTRA thesis explains the reports of abductee
intracerebral implants (particularly reports involving
nosebleeds), unusual scars, "telepathic" communication (i.e.,
externally induced intracerebral voices) concurrent with or
following the abduction encounter, allegations that some
abductees hear unusual sound effects (similar to those created by
the hemi-synch and cognate devices), haywire electronic devices
in abductee homes, personality shifts, "training films,"
manipulation of religious imagery, and missing time. Needless to
say, the thesis of clandestine government experi- mentation
readily accounts for abductee claims of human beings "working"
with the aliens, and for the government harassment that plays so
prominent a role in certain abductee reports.
   Let's look at some more correlations.

THE HILL CASE AND THE "ADVANCED" ALIENS

   Earlier, I asked, "Do the aliens also watch black-and-white
television?" in reference to their alleged use of old-fashioned,
Terra-style brain implantation devices. Abduction accounts abound
in other examples of alien "retro- technology."  The most
striking example can be found in the Betty and Barney Hill
incident, the details of which are too well-known to recount
here[156]. As we have already glimpsed during our discussion of
the Rex Niles affair, the Hills' "interrupted journey" abounds in
data which, taken together, permits the construction of an
alternative explanation.
   At one point during the alleged UFO abduction, the "examiners"
inserted a needle in Betty Hill's navel, telling her that this
practice constituted a test for pregnancy[157]. Some
ufologists[158] rashly assume that Betty Hill's "pregnancy test"
is evidence of advanced extraterrestrial technology, since her
1961 account pre-dates the official announcement of
amniocentesis, which does indeed make use of a needle inserted
into the navel. But we now have much less invasive means of
testing for pregnancy than amniocentesis. True, amniocentesis is
still sometimes used to gather information about the fetus, but
the wielders of a highly evolved technology would certainly use
other methods of determining the existence of pregnancy in the
first place.
   Betty Hill's testimony reminds us of certain other abduction
accounts,  which contain descriptions of "healings" surprisingly
similar to the procedures associated with still-experimental
electromagnetic therapy techniques, such as those described in
Robert O. Becker's THE BODY ELECTRIC. For example, abductee
Deanna Dube described for me an abduction-related "regeneration"
of her long- damaged heart; had she been familiar with Becker's
work[159], she might have been a bit less rapid to ascribe her
healing to otherworldly influences.
   Medical breakthroughs often undergo years of testing before
their official "discovery."  For some of these tests, finding
volunteers present a major obstacle. If we accept the proposition
that the Hill incident originated in an external and objective
stimulus, we must then ask ourselves which scenario is more
likely: Did Betty Hill encounter human beings using a technique
ten years ahead of its time? Or did she encounter aliens
(reputedly a "billion years ahead of us") using science from eons
before THEIR time?
   One must also ask why Betty Hill's aliens seemed to have no
grasp of basic human concepts (such as how we measure time) --
yet they knew enough about us to speak English fluently and had
even mastered our slang. Were these real aliens, or humans
engaging in theatricals (and occasionally muffing their lines)?
For that matter, why did Betty Hill originally recall her
abductors as humanoid, only later describing them as aliens?
   The Hill case provided a particularly controversial piece of
evidence -- the celebrated "star map" recalled by Betty Hill
under hypnosis. In later years, an Ohio schoolteacher named
Marjorie Fish made an ingenious and laudable attempt to discover
a match for this map by constructing an elaborate three-
dimensional model of nearby star systems; whether she succeeded
remains a  matter for keen debate[160]. For now, I prefer to
avoid taking sides in this dispute and will confine myself to
insisting that pro-ET ufologists answer  (WITHOUT resorting to
glib ripostes) a point first raised by Jacques Vallee: THE MAP
MAKES NO SENSE AS A NAVIGATIONAL AID. Vallee notes that, even if
we grant the Fish interpretation, the stars are not drawn to
scale -- and at any  rate, alien spaceships would surely be
navigated the same way we guide our own spacecraft: via computers
and telemetry[161]. The validity of the Fish  interpretation is
irrelevent; the point is that ANY such chart would have NO value
to an interstellar star-farer.
   Fish's work raises other controversies: Allegedly, the map
points to Zeta Reticuli as the aliens' home system and pictures
Zeta Reticuli as a single star, a view consistent with scientific
opinion of the 1960s. Yet in later years scientists discovered
that Zeta Reticuli is binary[162]. Moreover, how did our abductee
manage to remember so accurately a complex chart glimpsed in
passing? Even allowing for the possibility of increased accuracy
of recol- lection under hypnotic regression, the memory feat here
seems remarkable. Consider the circumstances of the abduction:
Kafka on hallucinogens couldn't  have conceived of the nightmare
vision confronting Betty Hill that night -- yet for some reason
this particular arrangement of stars emerged as her most
intensely-detailed recollection of the experience.
   This memory (if not confabulated during regression, a
possibility we should always weigh) is comprehensible only as an
example of ARTIFICIALLY-INDUCED HYPERMNESIA. In other words,
Betty Hill was DIRECTED to store that chart within her
subconscious. The celebrated star map ought to be recognized for
what it was: a prop, a seemingly-confirmatory circumstantial
detail meant to convince her -- and perhaps US -- of the reality
of her abduction. [cf. Strieber's citation of the woman with the
memory of ancient Celtic "fairy speak."   -jpg]
   The question of motive arises. Why -- if my thesis is correct
-- were these two fairly innocuous individuals chosen for this
new variation on the old MKULTRA tricks?
   The selection might, of course, have been arbitrary. Or
perhaps circum- stances now irretrievably lost to history
rendered the couple a convenient target. Interestingly, Barney
Hill had become acquainted (through church functions) with the
head of Air Force intelligence at Pease Air Force Base; perhaps
this relationship first brought the Hills to the attention of
members of the intelligence community. Arguably, the Hills could
have been fingered for a wide variety of reasons; as a general
rule, the clandestine services prefer to satisfy a number of
itches with one scratch.
   In fact, the espionage establishment had one particularly
compelling reason to focus on the Hills. Barney Hill (a black
man) and his wife held important positions in several civil
rights organizations, including the NAACP[163].  The abduction
took place during the 1960s, when the NAACP and allied groups
fell victim to an increasingly paranoid series of attacks from
the FBI and other governmental agencies (under operations
COINTELPRO, CHAOS, GARDEN PLOT, etc.)[164]. At that time,
infiltration of civil rights groups proved a  difficult chore;
while most left-leaning groups provided easy targets for FBI
stooges, the average undercover operative would have had an
exceptionally  difficult time posing as a black activist. (In
1961, the only black people on the FBI's payroll were the
servants in J. Edgar Hoover's home.)
   In light of these facts, we should recall Victor Marchetti's
anecdote about the cat that the CIA had "wired for sound."
Perhaps an ambitious covert  scientist proposed a similar
experiment, in which a human being would play the role that had
once been assigned to the unfortunate feline? As Estabrooks
noted, the ultimate espionage agent would be the spy who doesn't
KNOW he is a spy. Barney Hill, a well-regarded figure with a
near-genius-level IQ, was a safe bet to obtain a leadership role
in any group he joined; he would have been remarkably
well-positioned, had any outsiders wished to use his ears to
over- hear prominent black organizers in confidential discussion.
   Of course, many intelligence professionals would counter this
suggestion by reminding us that eavesdroppers on the civil rights
movement had plenty of less-flamboyant methods: Bugging, "black
bag" jobs, paying for information, etc. The point is valid. But
if the technology to create a "human bug" was developed circa
1961 -- and there is documentation suggesting that such is indeed
the case[165] -- the intelligence agencies would surely have
wanted to test the possibilities in the field. And considering
the expense of such a test, why not conduct the experiment in
such a way as to reap the maximum benefits? Why NOT choose a
Barney Hill?

ARMS AND THE ABDUCTEE

   Budd Hopkins told the follwing story during his lecture at the
Los Angeles "Whole Life Expo."[166]  He considers the case "very
good...lots of corrobo- rating witnesses for parts of it."
Though not, presumably, for THIS part:
   Hopkins' informant, after the by-now familiar UFO abduction,
was given a gun by the aliens. Not a Buck Rogers laser weapon --
this was something Dirty Harry might have packed.
   The abductee was also given someone to shoot. Not a little
grey alien -- another human being, tied to a chair. The
"visitors" told their armed abductee that this captive had done
"evil on earth, and he's a bad person. You have to kill him."  If
the abductee didn't do as asked, he would never leave the ship.
   The captive proclaimed his innocence, and pleaded for his
life. The abductee, caught in the middle of all this, became
quite upset. (Worth noting: he seems to have at least CONSIDERED
the aliens' request to shoot someone he had never met.)
Ultimately, the abductee turned the gun on the aliens and said,
"Nobody's going to get shot here."
   According to Hopkins, "The aliens said 'Fine. Very good.'
They took the gun from him; the man [presumably, the captive] got
up, walked away, dis- appeared, and they went on to the next
thing."  Obviously, this little drama had been staged -- a test
of some sort.
   I submit that this surreal incident is incomprehensible as
either an example of alien incursion or of "Klass-ical"
confabulation. The scenario described here EXACTLY parallels
numerous experiments in the hypnotic induction of anti-social
action as revealed both in the standard hypnosis literature and
in declassified ARTICHOKE/MKULTRA documents. For example, compare
Hopkins' account to the following, in which Ludwig Mayer, a
prominent German hypnosis researcher, describes a classic
experiment in the hypnotic induction of criminal action:

         I gave a revolver to an elderly and readily suggestible
      man whom I had just hypnotized. The revolver had just been 
      loaded by Mr. H. with a percussion cap. I explained to
      [the subject], while pointing to Mr. H., that Mr. H. was a
      very wicked man whom he should shoot to kill. With great
      determination he took the revolver and fired a shot directly
      at Mr. H. Mr. H. fell down pretending to be wounded. I 
      then explained to my subject that the fellow was not yet 
      quite dead, and that he should give him another bullet,
      which he did without further ado[167].

   Of course, if a conservative hypnosis specialist were asked to
comment on  the above account, he would quickly point out that
hypnotic suggestions which work in an experimental situation
would not easily succeed outside the lab- oratory; on some level,
the subject will probably sense whether or not he's  playing the
game for real[168]. Similarly, a conservative abduction
researcher would, in reviewing Hopkins' material, emphasize the
problems inherent in using testimony derived during regression,
where the threat of confabulation lurks. I'll concede both
arguments -- for the moment -- only to insist that they are
beside the point. The matter of primary importance, the sticking
point which neither Klass nor Hopkins can comfortably confront,
is the convergence of detail between Mayer's hypnosis experiment
and the testing event related by Hopkins' abductee. WHY ARE THESE
TWO STORIES SO SIMILAR? Did the good Dr. Mayer take pupils from
Sirius?[169].
   Hopkins says he knows of other instances in which abductees
found themselves in similar crucibles. So do I.
   One person I spoke to can remember (SANS hypnosis) being
handed a gun inside a ziplock baggy and receiving instructions
that she will have to use this weapon "on a job."  Early in my
interviews with her (and with no prompting from me) she recited
an apparent cue drilled into her consciousness by the "enti-
ties" (as she calls them): "When you see the light, do it
tonight," followed by the command, "Execute."  (One can only
speculate as to how such commands would be used in the field; we
will discuss later the use of photovoltaic hypnotic induction.)
Though her personal feelings toward firearms are decidedly
negative, she vividly describes periods in her "everyday" life
when she feels an uncharacteristic, yet overpowering urge to be
near a gun -- a quasi-sexual desire to pick one up and touch the
metal[170].

She is not alone. Another has been so affected by gun fever
that he became a security guard, just to be near the things[171].
The abductees I have spoken to connect this sudden surge of
Ramboism to the UFO experience. But I suggest  that the UFO
experience may be merely a cover story for another type of
training entirely.
   One of the primary goals of BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE, and MKULTRA
was to  determine whether mind control could be used to faciliate
"executive action"-- i.e., assassination[172].
   It isn't difficult to imagine the media's reaction if a public
figure were murdered by someone acting at the behest of the
"space brothers."  Who would dare to speak of conspiracy under
such circumstances? The hidden controllers could choose a myth
structure that conform's to the abductee's personality, then pose
as higher beings, who would whisper violence into the ear of the
percipient. Using this ruse, the trick that scientists such as
Ludwig Mayer could perform in the lab might now be accomplished
in the field. As  Estabrooks' associate Jack Tracktir (professor
of hypnotherapy at Baylor  University) explained to John Marks,
anti-social acts can be induced with  "no conscience involved"
once the proper pretext has been created[173]. 

"THEY WILL THINK IT'S FLYING SAUCERS"

   Jenny Randles contributes an anecdote from Great Britain which
dovetails nicely with this hypothesis.
   In 1965, "Margary" (a pseudonym) lived in Birmingham with her
husband, who one night told her to prepare for a "shock and a
test."  As Randles describes what she calls a "rogue case":

         They got into his car and drove off, although her memory
      of the trip became hazy and confused and she does not know
      where they went. Then she was in a room that was dimly lit
      and there were people standing around a long table or flat
      bed. She was out on it and seemed "drugged" and unable to
      resist. The most memorable of the men was tall and thin with
      a long nose and white beard. He had thick eyebrows and
      supposedly said to Margary, "Remember the eyebrows, honey."
      A strange medical examination, using odd equipment, was
      performed on her.

   Both the husband and the scientists, using (apparently)
hypnotic techniques, flooded her mind with images that, she was
told, would be understood only in the future. According to
Randles, "At one point one of the 'examiners' in the room said to
Margary in a tone that made it seem as if he were amused, "THEY
WILL THINK IT'S FLYING SAUCERS."  The husband also revealed that
he had a  second identity. After the abduction, this husband (am
I going too far to  assume his employment with MI6 or some
cognate agency?) left, never to be seen again[174]. Margary did
not recall the abduction until 1978.
   This affair can only baffle a researcher who insists on
fitting all  abduction accounts into the ET hypothesis; once we
free ourselves from that  set of assumptions, explanations come
easily. I interpret this incident as a case in which the
controllers applied the flying saucer cover story sloppily, or to
an insufficiently receptive subject. If my thesis is correct, the
UFO "hypnotic hoax" technique would still have been fairly new in
1965, particular- ly outside the United States; perhaps the
manipulators hadn't yet got the hang of it. The odd comment about
the scientist's eyebrows may refer to an item of disguise donned
for the occasion. The unscrupulous hypnotist, unsure about his
ability to induce an impenetrable amnesia -- and mindful of the
price paid by his forerunners in mesmeric criminality[175] --
would understandably want to hedge his bets; by indulging in the
British penchant for theatrics, he could further protect his
anonymity.
   A similar incident was brought to my attention by researcher
Robert Durant. The relevant excerpt of his letter follows:

         Now I want to turn to a case that I have been
      investigating for several months. The subject is an 
      abductee. Standard abduction scenario. Twice regressed 
      under hypnosis, the first time by a well-known abduction 
      researcher, the second time by a psychologist with 
      parapsychology connections.
         In the course of many hours of listening to the subject,
      I discovered that she has had close personal contact over a
      long period of time with several individuals who have federal
      intelligence connections. She was hypnotized many years ago
      as part of a TV program devoted to hypnosis. Her abductions
      began shortly after she attended several long sessions at a
      laboratory where, ostensibly, she was being tested for ESP
      abilities. Two other people who were "tested" at this same
      laboratory have also had abductions. All three were told by
      the lab to join a local UFO group. During her abductions,
      the principal alien spoke to the subject in the English 
      language in a normal manner, not via telepathy. She 
      recognized the voice, which was at one time that of her very 
      close friend of yesteryear who was then and is now employed 
      by the CIA. The other voice was that of an individual who 
      works in Washington, has what I will call very strong 
      federal connections as well as a finger in every ufological 
      pie, and who just happened to bump into her at the 
      aforementioned laboratory. He also anticipated, in the 
      course of telephone conversations, her abductions. When the 
      subject confronted him about this and the voice, he claimed 
      to be psychic. (!)[176]

   The "ESP" connection is suggestive; the MKULTRA documents
betray an astonishing interest on the part of the intelligence
agencies in matters parapsychological.
   Some researchers would object that examples such as this are
rare; most abductions contain no such overt indications of
intelligence involvement. But have investigators looked for them?
As mentioned in the introduction, a false dichotomy limits much
ufological thought; as long as the abduction argument swings
between the ET hypothesis and purely psychological theories,
researchers will not recognize the relevance of certain key items
of back- ground data.

GLIMPSES OF THE CONTROLLERS

   In an interview with me, a northern-California abducteee --
call him "Peter" -- reported an experience which was conducted
NOT by a small grey alien, but by a human being. The percipient
called this man a "doctor."  He gave a descrip- tion of this
individual, and even provided a drawing.
   Some time after I gathered this information, a
southern-California abductee told me her story -- which included
a description of this very same "doctor." The physical details
were so strikingly similar as to erase coincidence. This woman is
a leading member of a Los Angeles-based UFO group; three other
women in this group report abduction encounters with the same
individual[177].
   Perhaps those three women were fantasists, attaching
themselves to another's narrative. But my northern informant
never met these people. Why did he describe the same "doctor"?
   One of the abductees I have dealt with insisted, under
hypnosis, that her abduction experience brought her to a certain
house in the Los Angeles area. She was able to provide directions
to the house, even though she had no  conscious memory of ever
being there. I later learned that this house is indeed occupied
by a scientist who formerly (and perhaps currently) conducted
clandestine research on mind control technology.
   This same abductee described a clandestine brain operation of
some sort she underwent in childhood. The neurosurgeon was a
human being, not an alien. She even recalled the name. (Note:
This is not the same individual referred to above.)  When I heard
the name, it meant nothing to me -- but later I learned that
there really was a scientist of that name who specialzed in
electrode implant research.
   Licia Davidson is a thoughtful and articulate abductee, whose
fascinating story closely parallels many found in the abductee
literature -- except for one unusual detail. In an interview with
me, described an unsettling recollection of a human being,
dressed normally, holding a black box with a protruding antenna.
This odd snippet of memory did NOT coincide with the general
thrust of her abduction narrative. Could this remembrance
represent an all-too-brief segment of accurately-perceived
reality interrupting her hypnotically-induced "screen memory"?
Peter clearly recalls seeing a similar box during his abduction.
   Interestingly, Licia resides in the Los Angeles suburb of
Tujunga Canyon, a prominent spot on the abduction map; Many of
the abductees I have spoken to first had unusual experiences
while living in this area. Near Tujunga Canyon, in Mt. Pacifico,
is a hidden former Nike missile base; more than one abductee has
described odd, seemingly inexplicable military activity around
this location[178]. The reader will recall the connection of Nike
missile bases to the disturbing story of Dr. L. Jolyon West, a
veteran of MKULTRA.

CULTS

   Some abductees I have spoken to have been directed to join
certain religious/philosophical sects. These cults often bear
close examination.
   The leaders of these groups tend to be "ex"-CIA operatives, or
Special Forces veterans. They are often linked through personal
relations, even though they espouse widely varying traditions. I
have heard unsettling  reports that the leaders of some of these
groups have used hypnosis, drugs, or "mind machines" on their
charges. Members of these cults have reported periods of missing
time during ceremonies or "study periods."
   I strongly urge abduction researchers to examine closely any
small "occult" groups an abductee might join. For example, one
familiar leader of the UFO fringe -- a man well-known for his
espousal of the doctrine of "love and light" -- is Virgil
Armstrong, a close personal friend of General John Singlaub, the
notorious Iran-Contra player, who recently headed the neo-fascist
World Anti- Communist League. Armstrong, who also happens to be
an ex-Green Beret and former CIA operative, figured into my
inquiry in an interesting fashion: An abductee of my acquaintance
was told -- by her "entities," naturally -- to seek out this UFO
spokesman and join his "sky-watch" activities, which, my source
alleges, included a mass channelling session intended to send
debilitating "negative" vibrations to Constantine Chernenko, then
the leader of the Soviet Union. Of course, intracerebral voices
may have a purely psychological origin, so Armstrong can hardly
be held to task for the abductee's original "direct- ive."[179]
Still, his past associations with military intelligence
inevitably bring disturbing possibilities to mind.
   Even more ominous than possible ties between UFO cults and the
intelligence community are the cults' links with the shadowy I AM
group, founded by Guy Ballard in the 1930s[180]. According to
researcher David Stupple, "If you look at the contactee groups
today, you'll see that most of the stable, larger ones are
actually neo-I AM groups, with some sort of tie to Ballard's
organization." [181]  This cult, therefore, bears investigation.
   Guy Ballard's "Mighty I AM Religious Activity," grew, in large
part, out of William Dudley Pelly's Silver Shirts, an American
NAZI organization[182]. Although Ballard himself never openly
proclaimed NAZI affiliation, his movement was tinged with an
extremely right-wing political philosophy, and in secret meetings
he "decreed" the death of President Franklin Roosevelt[183]. The
I AM philosophy derived from Theosophy, and in this author's
estimation bears a more-than-cursory resemblance to the
Theosophically-based teachings that informed the proto-NAZI
German occult lodges[184].
   After the war, Pelley (who had been imprisoned for sedition
during the hostilities) headed an occult-oriented organization
call Soulcraft, based in Noblesville, Indiana. Another Soulcraft
employee was the controversial  contactee George Hunt Williamson
(real name: Michel d'Obrenovic), who co- authored UFOs
CONFIDENTIAL with John McCoy, a proponent of the theory that a
Jewish banking conspiracy was preventing disclosure of the
solution to the UFO mystery[185]. Later, Williamson founded the I
AM-oriented Brotherhood of the Seven Rays in Peru[186]. Another
famed contactee, George Van Tassel, was  associated with Pelley
and with the notoriously anti-Semitic Reverend Wesley Swift
(founder of the group which metamorphosed into the Aryan
nations).[187]
   The most visible offspring of I AM is Elizabeth Clare
Prophet's Church Universal and Triumphant, a group best-known for
its massive arms caches in underground bunkers. CUT was recently
exposed in COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN as a conduit of CIA
funds[188], and according to researcher John Judge, has ties to
organizations allied to the World Anti-Communist League[189]
Prophet is becoming involved in abduction research and has
sponsored present- ations by Budd Hopkins and other prominent
investigators. In his book THE ARMSTRONG REPORT: ETs AND UFOs:
THEY NEED US, WE DON'T NEED THEM[sic][190], Virgil Armstrong
directs troubled abductees toward Prophet's group. (Perhaps not
insignificantly, he also suggests that abductees plagued by
implants alleviate their problem by turning to "the I AM force"
within.[191])
   Another UFO channeller, Frederick Von Mierers, has promulgated
both a cult with a strong I AM orientation[192] and an apparent
con-game involving over- appraised gemstones. Mierers is an
anti-Semite who contends that the Holocaust never happened and
that the Jews control the world's wealth.
   UFORUM is a flying saucer organization popular with Los
Angeles-area abductees; its founder is Penny Harper, a member of
a radical Scientology breakaway group which connects the
teachings of L. Ron Hubbard with pronouncements against "The
Illuminati" (a mythical secret society) and other BETES NOIR
familiar from right-wing conspiracy literature. Harper directs
members of her group to read THE SPOTLIGHT, an extremist tabloid
(published by Willis Carto's Liberty Lobby) which denies the
reality of the Holocaust and posits a "Zionist" scheme to control
the world[193].
   More than one unwary abductee has fallen in with groups such
as those listed above. It isn't difficult to imagine how some of
these questionable groups might mold an abductee's recollection
of his experience -- and perhaps help direct his future actions.
   Some modern abductees, with otherwise-strong claims, claim
encounters with blond, "Nordic" aliens reminiscent of the early
contactee era. Surely, the "Nordic" appearance of these aliens
sprang from the dubious spiritual tradition of Van Tassell,
Ballard, Pelley, McCoy, etc. Why, then, are some modern abductees
seeing these very same other-worldly UEBERMENSCHEN?
   One abductee of my acquaintance claims to have had beneficial
experiences with these "blond" aliens -- who, he believes, came
originally from the Pleiades. Interestingly, in the late 1960s,
the psychopathically anti-Semitic Rev. Wesley Swift predicted
this odd twist in the abduction tale. In a broadcast "sermon," he
spoke at length about UFOs, claiming that there were "good"
aliens and "bad" aliens. The good ones, he insisted, were tall,
blond Aryans -- WHO HAILED FROM THE PLEIADES. He made this
pronouncement long before the current trends in abduction lore.
   Could some of the abductions be conducted by an extreme
right-wing element within the national security establishment?
Disagreeable as the possibility seems, we should note that the
"lunatic right" is represented in all other walks of life;
certainly hard-rightists have taken positions within the
military-intelligence complex as well.

GROUNDS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

   John Keel's ground-breaking OPERATION TROJAN HORSE, written in
an era when abductees still came under the category of
"contactees," includes the following intriguing data, gleaned
from Keel'a extensive field work:

         Contactees often find themselves suddenly miles from
      home without knowing how they got there. They either have
      induced amnesia, wiping out all memory of the trip, or they 
      were taken over by some means and made the trip in a 
      blacked-out state. Should they encounter a friend on the 
      way, the friend would probably note that their eyes seemed 
      glassy and their behavior seemed peculiar. But if the friend 
      spoke to them, he might receive a curt reply.
         In the language of the contactees this process is called
      being used...I have known silent contactees to disappear
      from their homes for long periods, and when they returned, 
      they  had little or no recollection of where they had been. 
      One girl sent me a postcard from the Bahama Islands -- which 
      surprised me because I knew she was very poor. When she
      returned, she told me that she had only one memory of the
      trip. She said she remembered getting off a jet at an air-
      port -- she souldn't recall getting on the jet or making the
      trip -- and there "Indians" met her and took her baggage...
      The next thing she knew she was back home again[194].

   Puzzling indeed -- unless one has read THE CONTROL OF CANDY
JONES, which speaks of Candy's "blacked out" periods, during
which she travelled to Taiwan as a CIA courier, adopting her
second personality. The mind control explana- tion perfectly
solves all the mysteries in the above excerpt -- save, perhaps,
the odd remark about "Indians."
   Hickson and Mendez' UFO CONTACT AT PASCAGOULA contains the
interesting information that Charles Hickson awakes at night
feeling that he is on the verge of re-awakening some terribly
important memory connected with his encounter -- yet ostensibly
he can account for every moment of his adventure.
   Hickson also received a letter from an apparent abductee who
claims that the grey aliens are actually automatons of some sort
-- perhaps an unconscious recognition of the unreality of the
hypnotically-induced "cover story."[195] In this light, the film
version of COMMUNION -- whose screenplay was written by Whitley
Strieber -- takes on a new interest: The abduction sequences
contain inexplicable images indicating that the "greys" are
really props, or masks.
   COMMUNION and TRANSFORMATION contain passages detailing what
seems to be a hazily-recalled Candy-Jones-style espionage
adventure, in which Strieber was shanghaied by a "coach" and a
"nurse" (both human beings) who apparently drugged him[196].
Recall the example of Keel's informants. Moreover,
TRANSFORMATION contains lengthy descriptions of alien beings
working in  apparent collusion with human beings.
   Abductee Christa Tilton also recalls both human beings and
aliens playing a part in her experience. Ever since her
abduction, she claims, she has been "shadowed" by a mysterious
federal agent she calls John Wallis[197]. Christa's husband, Tom
Adams, has confirmed Wallis' existence[198].
   In his REPORT ON COMMUNION, Ed Conroy -- who seems to have
become a  participant in, and not merely an observer of, the
phenomenon -- describes harassment by helicopters, which as we
have already noted, seems to be quite  a common occurrence in
abductee situations[199]. Researchers blithely assume that these
incidents represent governmental attempts to spy on UFO
percipients. But this assertion is ridiculous. Helicopters are
extremely expensive to operate, and the engines of espionage have
perfected numerous alternative  methods to gather information.
After all, we now have a fairly extensive  bibliography of FBI,
CIA, and military efforts to spy on numerous movements favoring
domestic social change. Why have no veterans of CHAOS or
COINTELPRO (either victim or victimizer) spoken of helicopters?
Obviously the choppers serve some other purpose beyond mere
surveillance. One possibility might be the propagation of
electromagnetic waves which might affect the perceptions/
behaviors of an implanted individual. (Indeed, I have heard
rumors of heli- copters being used in electronic "crowd control"
operations in Vietnam and elsewhere; alas, the information is far
from hard.)
   Contactee Eldon Kerfoot has written of his suspicions that
human mani- pulators, not aliens, may be the ultimate puppeteers
engineering his experiences. He describes a sudden compulsion to
kill a fellow veteran of the Korean conflict -- a man Kerfoot had
no logical reason to distrust or dislike, yet whom he "sensed" to
have been a traitor to his country. For- tunately, the
assassination never materialized[200]. But the situation exactly
parallels incidents described in released ARTICHOKE documents
concerning the remote hypnotic induction of anti-social behavior.
   One last speculation:
   Renato Vesco's INTERCEPT BUT DON'T SHOOT[201] outlines a
fascinating scenario for the "secret weapon" hypothesis of UFOs.
Vesco points out that if these devices are one day to be used in
a superpower conflict , the attacking power would be well-served
by the myth of the UFO as an extra- terrestrial craft, for the
besieged nation would not know the true nature of its opponent.
Perhaps, then, one purpose of the UFO abductions is to engender
and maintain the legend of the little grey aliens. For the hidden
manipula- tors, the abductions could be, in and of themselves, a
propaganda coup.

FINAL THOUGHTS

   I do not insist dogmatically on the scenario that I have
outlined. I do not wish to dissuade abduction researchers from
exploring other avenues -- indeed, I strongly encourage such work
to continue. Nor can I easily account for some aspects of the
abduction narratives -- for example, any suggestions I could
offer concerning the reports of genetic experimentation would be
extremely speculative.
   But I DO insist on a fair hearing of this hypothesis.
Criticism is encouraged; that which does not destroy my thesis
will make it stronger. I ask only that my critics refrain from
intellectual laziness; mere differences in world-view do not
constitute a valid attack. God is found in the details.
   I recognize the dangers inherent in making this thesis public.
New and distressing abductee confabulations may result. I would
prefer that the  audience for this paper be restricted to
abduction RESEARCHERS, not victims, who might be unduly
influenced. However, in a society that prides itself on
ostensibly free press, such restrictions are unthinkable.
Therefore, I can only beg any abduction victims who might read
this paper to attempt a super- human objectivity. The thesis I
have outlined is promising, and (should trepanation ever provide
us with an example of an actual abductee implant) susceptible of
proof. But mine is not the only hypothesis. The abductee's
unrewarding task is to report what he or she has experienced as
truthfully as possible, untainted by outside speculation.
   Whether or not future investigation proves UFO abductions to
be a product of mind control experimentation, I feel that this
paper has, at least, provided evidence of a serious danger facing
those who hold fast to the ideals of individual freedom. We
cannot long ignore this menace.
   A spectre haunts the democratic nations -- the spectre of
TECHNOFASCISM. All the powers of the espionage empire and the
scientific establishment have entered into an unholy alliance to
evoke this spectre: Psychiatrist and spy, Dulles and Delgado,
microwave specialists and clandestine operators.
   A mind is a terrible thing to waste -- and a worse thing to
commandeer.

NOTES

      1. Budd Hopkins, MISSING TIME (New York: Richard Marek
Publishers, 1981) and INTRUDERS (New York: Random House, 1987).
      2. Whitley Strieber, COMMUNION (New York: Beech Tree Books,
1987).
      3. Cannon, "Psychiatric Abuse of UFO Witness," UFO
magazine, vol. 3, no. 5 (December, 1988)
      4. Philip Klass, UFO ABDUCTIONS: A DANGEROUS GAME (Buffalo:
Prometheus Books, 1988). Klass makes some sharp observations,
which are undercut by his refusal to interview abductees
directly. The work has no footnotes and depends heavily on the
work of Dr. Martin Orne -- of whom more anon.
      5. See bibliography.
      6. New York: Bantam Books, 1979.
      7. See generally PROJECT MKULTRA, THE CIA'S PROGRAM OF
RESEARCH IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION, joint hearing before the
Select Committee on Health and Scientific Research of the
Committee on Human Resources, Unites States Senate (Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1977).
      8. Robert Eringer, "Secret Agent Man," ROLLING STONE, 1985.
      9. John Marks interview with Victor Marchetti (Marks files,
available at the National Security Archives, Washington, D.C.).
      10. In an interview with John Marks, hypnosis expert Milton
Kline, a veteran of clandestine experimentation in this field,
averred that his work  for the government continued. Since the
interview took place in 1977, years after the CIA allegedly
halted mind control research, we must conclude either that the
CIA lied, or that another agency continued the work. In another
interview with Marks, former Air Force-CIA liaison L. Fletcher
Prouty con- firmed that the Department of Defense ran studies
either in conjunction with or parallel to those operated by the
CIA. (Marks files.)
      11. Estabrooks, HYPNOSIS (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.,
Inc., 1957  [revised edition]), 13-14.
      12. A copy of this letter can be found in the Marks files.
      13. Estabrooks attracted an eclectic group of friends,
including J.  Edgar Hoover and Alan Watts.
      14. Interview with daughter Doreen Estabrooks, Marks files,
Washington, D.C.
      15. Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain, ACID DREAMS (New York:
Grove Press, 1985) 3-4; Marks, THE SEARCH FOR "THE MANCHURIAN
CANDIDATE", 6-8
      16. Marks, ibid. 4-6.
      17. Edward Hunter, BRAINWASHING IN RED CHINA (New York:
Vanguard Press, 1951.). Hunter invented the term "brainwashing"
in a September 24, 1950 Miami NEWS article.
      18. "Japan's Germ Warfare Experiments," THE GLOBE AND MAIL
(Toronto),  May 19, 1982.
      19. Walter Bowart, OPERATION MIND CONTROL (New York: Dell,
1978), 191-2, quoting Warren Commission documents. We cannot
fairly derive from this state- ment a sanguine attitude about
PRESENT Soviet capabilities; in this field, even outdated
technology suffices for mischief.
      20. Marks, THE SEARCH FOR "THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE",
60-61. A folk entymology has it that the "MK" of MKULTRA stands
for "Mind Kontrol."  Accord- ing to Marks, TSS prefixed the
cryptonyms of all its projects with these initials. Note, though,
that MKULTRA was preceded by a still-mysterious TSS program
called QKHILLTOP.
      21. Marks, THE SEARCH FOR "THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE",
224-229. Seven MKULTRA subprojects were continued, under TSS
supervision, as MKSEARCH. This project ended in 1972. CIA
apologists often proclaim that "brainwashing" research ceased in
either 1962 or 1972; these blandishments refer to the TSS
projects, not to the ORD work, which remains TERRA INCOGNITA for
independent researchers. Marks discovered that the ORD research
was so voluminous that retrieving documents via FOIA would have
proven unthinkably expensive.
      22. For a description of the research into parapsychology,
see Ronald M. McRae's MIND WARS (New York: St. Martin's Press,
1984). The best book available on a subject which awaits a truly
authoritative text.
      23. Abduction researcher and hypnotherapist Miranda Park,
of Lancaster, California, reports that she has viewed such
anomalies in abductee MRI scans. See also Whitley Strieber,
TRANSFORMATION (New York: Beech Tree Books, 1988) 246-247. At
this writing, both Strieber and Hopkins report initially
promising results in their efforts to document the presence of
these "extras" in  abductees.
      24. Allegedly, the experiment took place in 1964. However,
in WERE WE CONTROLLED? (New Hyde Park, NY: University Books,
1967), the pseudonymous "Lincoln Lawrence" makes an interesting
argument (on page 36) that the  demonstration took place some
years earlier.
      25. New York: Harper and Row, 1969. Much of Delgado's work
was funded  by the Office of Naval Intelligence, a common conduit
for CIA funds during the 1950s and '60s. (Gordon Thomas' JOURNEY
INTO MADNESS (New York: Bantam, 1989) misleadingly implies that
CIA interest in Delgado's work began in 1972.)
      26. J.M.R. Delgado. "Intracerebral Radio Stimulation and
Recording in Completely Free Patients," PSYCHOTECHNOLOGY (Robert
L. Schwitzgebel and  Ralph K. Schwitzgebel, editors; New York:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973): 195.
      27. David Krech, "Controlling the Mind Controllers," THINK
32 (July- August), 1966.
      28. Delgado, PHYSICAL CONTROL OF THE MIND
      29. Delgado, "Intracerebral Radio Stimulation and Recording
in Completely free patients," 195.
      30. Note, for example, Charles Hickson's account of the
Pascagoula Incident. Charles Hickson and William Mendez, UFO
CONTACT AT PASCOGOULA (Tuscon: Wendelle C. Stevens, 1983).
      31. John Ranleigh, THE AGENCY (New York: Simon and Shuster,
1986): 208. Marchetti casts this story in the form of an amusing
anecdote: After much time and expense, a cat was suitably trained
and prepared -- only, on its first assignment, to be run over by
a taxi. Marchetti neglects to point out that nothing stopped the
Agency from getting another cat. Or from using a human being.
      32. Of course, this suggestion raises the knotty question
of whether the abductees suffer from a form of schizophrenia,
which may also be characterized by "voices."  I refer the reader
to the work of Hopkins, Strieber, Thomas Bullard, and others who
have described the difficulties of ascribing all abductions to
psychotic states.
      33. Alan W. Scheflin and Edward M. Opton, Jr., THE MIND
MANIPULATORS (London: Paddington Press, 1978), 347.
      34. Thomas, JOURNAY INTO MADNESS, 276.
      35. James Olds, "Hypothalamic Substrates of Reward,"
PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, 1962, 42:554; "Emotional Centers in the
Brain," SCIENCE JOURNAL,  1967, 3 (5).
      36. Vernon Mark and Frank Ervin, VIOLENCE AND THE BRAIN
(New York:  Harper and Row, 1970), chapter 12, excerpted in
INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND THE FEDERAL ROLE IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION,
prepared by the Staff of the Subcom- mittee on Constitutional
Rights of the Committee of the Judiciary, United  States Senate
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974).
      37. John Lilly, THE SCIENTIST (Berkeley, Ronin Publishing,
1988 [revised edition]), 90. Monkeys allowed to stimulate
themselves continually via ESB brought themselves to orgasm once
every three minutes, sixteen hours a day. Scientific gatherings
throughout the world saw motion pictures of these experiments,
which surely made spectacular cinema.
      38. Scheflin and Opton, THE MIND MANIPULATORS, 336-337.
Heath even  monitored his patient's brain responses during the
subject's first heterosexual encounter. Such is the nature of the
brave new world before us.
      39. Robert L. Schwitzgebel and Richard M. Bird,
"Sociotechnical Design Factors in Remote Instrumentation with
Humans in Natural Environments,"  BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS AND
INSTRUMENTATION, 1970, 2, 99-105.
      40. Thomas, JOURNEY INTO MADNESS, 277. In the BEHAVIOR
RESEARCH METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION article referenced above,
Schwitzgebel details how the radio signals may be fed into a
telephone via a modem and thus analyzed by a computer anywhere in
the world.
      41. Scheflin and Opton, THE MIND MANIPULATORS, 347-349.
      42. Louis Tackwood and the Citizen's Research and
Investigation Commit- tee, THE GLASS HOUSE TAPES (New York: Avon,
1973), 226.
      43. Perry London, BEHAVIOR CONTROL (New York: Harper and
Row, 1969), 145
      44. Scheflin and Opton, THE MIND MANIPULATORS, 351-353;
Tackwood, THE GLASS HOUSE TAPES, 228.
      45. "Beepers in kids' heads could stop abductors," Las
Vegas SUN, Oct. 27, 1987.
      46. Lilly, THE SCIENTIST, 91.
      47. Marks, THE SEARCH FOR "THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE",
151-154.
      48. Interestingly, Lilly has come out of the closet as a
sort of proto- Strieber; THE SCIENTIST recounts his close
interaction with alien (though not necessarily extraterrestrial)
forces which he labels "solid state entities."
      49. The story of Deep Trance, an MKULTRA "insider" who
provided invaluable information, is somewhat involved. I do not
know who Trance is/was and Marks may not know either. He
contacted Trance via the writer of an article published shortly
before research on THE SEARCH FOR "THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE"
began, addressing his informant "Dear Source whose anonymity I
respect."  I respect it too -- hence my reticence to name the
aforementioned article, which may mark a trail to Trance. The
fact that I have not followed this trail would not prevent others
from doing so. [And if Trance were a CIA disinformation source a
la William Cooper, this is precisely the behavior they would
count on. -jpg]
      50. London, BEHAVIOR CONTROL, 139.
      51. See generally, UFO magazine, Vol. 4, No. 2; especially
the interesting contribution by Whitley Strieber.

52. Lawrence, WERE WE CONTROLLED?, 36-37; Anita Gregory,
"Introduction to Leonid L. Vasilev's EXPERIMENTS IN DISTANT
INFLUENCE," PSYCHIC WARFARE: FACT OR FICTION (editor: John White)
(Nottinghamshire: Aquarian, 1988) 34-57.
      53. Lawrence, WERE WE CONTROLLED?, 38.
      54. Bowart, OPERATION MIND CONTROL, 261-264.
      55. Ibid. 263.
      56. Lawrence, WERE WE CONTROLLED?, 52.
      57. HUMAN DRUG TESTING BY THE CIA, 202.
      58. Note especially the Supreme Court's decision in CENTRAL
INTELLIGENCE AGENCY ET Al. V. SIMS, ET AL. (No. 83-1075; decided
April 16, 1986). The egregious and dangerous majority opinion in
this case held that disclosure of the names of scientists and
institutions involved in MKULTRA posed an  "unacceptable risk of
revealing 'intelligence sources.'  The decisions of the [CIA]
Director, who must of course be familiar with 'the whole
picture,' as judges are not, are worthy of great deference...it
is conceivable that the  mere explanation of why information must
be withheld can convey valuable information to a foreign
intelligence agency."  How do we square this continu- ing need
for secrecy with the CIA's protestations that MKULTRA achieved
little success, that the studies were conducted within the
Nueremberg statues govern- ing medical experiments, and that the
research was made available in the open literature?
      59. Letter, P.A. Lindstrom to Robert Naeslund, July 27,
1983; copy  available from Martti Koski, Kiilinpellontie 2, 21290
Rusko, Finland. Lind- strom writes that he fully agrees with
Lincoln Lawrence, author of WERE WE CONTROLLED?
      60. Bowart, OPERATION MIND CONTROL, 265. I have attempted
without  success to contact Dr. Lindstrom.
      61. Bowart, OPERATION MIND CONTROL, 233-249. This interview
was  repinted without attribution in a bizarre compendium of UFO
rumors called THE MATRIX, compiled by "Valdamar Valerian"
(actually John Grace, allegedly a captain working for Air Force
intelligence).
      62. Robert Anton Wilson, "Adventures with Head Hardware,"
MAGICAL BLEND, 23 [of course], July 1989.
      63. Michael Hutchison, MEGA BRAIN (New York: Ballantine,
1986); Gerald Oster, "Auditory Beats in the Brain," SCIENTIFIC
AMERICAN, September, 1973.
      64. Marilyn Ferguson, THE BRAIN REVOLUTION (New York:
Taplinger, 1973), 90.
      65. Ibid., 91-92. The presence of delta in a waking subject
can indicate pathology.
      66. Bio-Pacer promotional and price sheet, available from
Lindemann Laboratories, 3463 State Street, #264, Santa Barbara,
CA 93105.
      67. Hutchison, MEGA BRAIN, 117-118. Compare Light's
observations about "the grant game" to Sid Gottlieb's
protestations that nearly all "mind con- trol" research was
openly published.
      68. Thomas Martinez and John Gunther, THE BROTHERHOOD OF
MURDER (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988), 230.
      69. Interview, Sandy Monroe of the Los Angeles office of
the Christic Institute.
      70. See generally Paul Brodeur, THE ZAPPING OF AMERICA
(Toronto, George J. MacLeod, 1977).
      71. Until recently, the American Embassy was on a street
named after the composer.
      72. It was finally determined that the microwaves were used
to receive transmissions from bugs planted within the embassy.
DARPA director George H. Heimeier went on record stating that
PANDORA was never designed to study "microwaves as a surveillance
tool."  See Anne Keeler, "Remote Mind Control Technology," FULL
DISCLOSURE #15. I would note that the Soviet embassy was "bugged
and waved" in Canada during the 1950s, and according to the Los
Angeles TIMES (June 5, 1989), the Soviet embassy in Britain had
been similarly affected.
      73. Ronald I. Adams R.A. Williams, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (RADIOWAVES AND MICROWAVES) EURASIAN
COMMUNIST COUNTRIES, (Defense Intelligence Agency, March 1976.)
Brodeur notes that much of the work ascribed to the Soviets in
this report was actually first accomplished by scientists in the
United States. Keeler argues that this report constitutes an
example of "mirror imaging" -- i.e., parading domestic advances
as a foreign threat, the better to pry funding from a
suitably-fearful Congress.
      74. Keeler, "Remote Mind Control Technology."
      75. R.J. MacGregor, "A Brief Survey of Literature Relating
to Influence  of Low Intensity Microwaves on Nervous Function"
(Santa Monica: RAND Corpor- ation, 1970).
      76. Keeler, "Remote Mind Control Technology."
      77. Larry Collins, "Mind Control," PLAYBOY, January 1990.
      78. Allan H. Frey, "Behavioral Effects of Electromagnetic
Energy," SYMPOSIUM ON BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF
RADIO FREQUENCIES/MICRO- WAVES, DeWitt G. Hazzard, editor (U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1977).
      79. quoted in THE APPLICATION OF TESLA'S TECHNOLOGY IN
TODAY'S WORLD (Montreal: Lafferty, Hardwood & Partners, Ltd.,
1978).
      80. Keeler, "Remote Mind Control Technology."
      81. L. George Lawrence, "Electronics and Brain Control,"
POPULAR ELECTRONICS, July 1973.
      82. Susan Schiefelbein, "The Invisible Threat," SATURDAY
REVIEW, September 15, 1979.
      83. E. Preston, "Studies on the Nervous System,
Cardiovascular Function and Thermoregulation," BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
OF RADIO FREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE RADIATION, edited by H.M.
Assenheim (Ottawa, Canada: National Research Council of Canada,
1979), 138-141.
      84. Robert O. Becker, THE BODY ELECTRIC (New York: William
Morrow, 1985) 318-319.
      85. Ibid.
      86. Ibid., 321.
      87. See Bowart's OPERATION MIND CONTROL, page 218, for an
interesting example of this "rationalization" process at work in
the case of Sirhan  Sirhan, who was convicted for the
assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. In  prison, Sirhan was
hypnotized by Dr. Bernard Diamond, who instructed Sirhan to climb
the bars of his cage like a monkey. He did so. After the trance
was removed, Sirhan was shown tapes of his actions; he insisted
that he "acted like a monkey" of his own free will -- he claimed
he wanted the exercise.
      88. Keeler suggests that the proposal was revealed only
because  Schapitz' sensationalistic implications may have worked
to his discredit --  and therefore hide -- the REAL research.
Personally, I don't accept this argument, but I respect Keeler's
instincts enough to repeat her caveat here.
      89. Margaret Cheney's TESLA: A MAN OUT OF TIME (New York:
Dell, 1981), the most reliable book in the sea of wild
speculation surrounding this  extraordinary scientist, confirms
Tesla's early work with the psychological effects of
electromagnetic radiation. See especially pages 101-104; note
also the afterword, in which we learn that certain government
agencies have kept important research by Tesla hidden from the
general public.
      90. Noted in Lawrence, WERE WE CONTROLLED?, 29.
      91. Particularly one Thomas Bearden of Huntsville, Alabama;
I have in my possession a document written by Bearden associate
Andrew Michrowski which identifies Bearden as an intelligence
agent for an undisclosed agency.
      92. Kathleen McAuliffe, "The Mind Fields," OMNI magazine,
February 1985.
      93. May 5, 1985.
      94. I refer to an individual who later wrote a very
clear-headed and thoughtful letter to Dr. Paul Lowinger, who has
graciously made his files available to me. For now, I feel
compelled to withhold this person's name.
      95. Cameron became president of the American Psychiatric
Association, the Canadian Psychiatric Association, and the World
Association of Psychia- trists,  He previously sat on the
Nueremberg panel, helping to draw up the statutes governing
ethical medical behavior!
      96. In particular, Opton and Scheflin's overview, though
excellent in scope and detail, continually seeks reassurring
interpretations of evidence which points toward more distressing
conclusions.
      97. Martin T. Orne, "Can a hypnotized subject be compelled
to carry out otherwise unacceptable behavior?" INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERI- MENTAL HYPNOSIS, 1972, Vol. 20,
101-117.
      98. Marks mentions, in a letter to Orne, the latter's claim
to have been an unwitting participant in subproject 84. Yet the
papers released concerning subproject 84 clearly establish the
Agency's willingness to put Orne in the know; Orne later admitted
to Marks that he was made aware of his CIA sponsor- ship (Marks,
THE SEARCH FOR "THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE", 172-173). In an
interview with Marks, Orne discounted the story of Candy Jones
(which we shall recount later) by insisting that if such an
experiment had occurred "someone in some agency would have come
to me."  Why would they come to him about a super-secret project,
unless Orne had a high security clearance and worked extensively
with intelligence agencies? Note also that Orne conducted exten-
sive studies for the Office of Naval Research from June 1, 1968
to May 31, 1971. He has also been funded by DARPA. Moreover, I
consider noteworthy the fact that Orne somehow became president
of the Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis despite the
fact that the organization had decided not to have a president.
(This fact was related to Marks by a prominent hypnosis
specialist in an off-the-record interview that I probably wasn't
supposed to see.)
      99. The story has been told many times. See Turner and
Christian's THE KILLING OF ROBERT F. KENNEDY, 207-208; also Peter
J. Reiter, ANTISOCIAL OR CRIMINAL ACTS AND HYPNOSIS (Springfield,
Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1958).
      100. John G. Watkins, "Antisocial behavior under hypnosis:
Possible or impossible?"  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND
EXPERIMENTAL HYPNOSIS, 1972, Vol. 20, 95-100.
      101. Milton H. Erickson, "An experimental investigation of
the possible anti-social use of hypnosis," PSYCHIATRY, 1939, vol.
2. Erickson argues that if a hypnotist has convinced his subject
to misperceive reality, then result- ing actions cannot be
considered "anti-social," for the actions would be acceptable
within the subject's internal reality construct. This argument
strikes me as semantic quibbling. [not me -jpg]
      102. See generally Flo Conway and Jim Seigelman, SNAPPING
(New York: Lippincott, 1978).
      103. Lee and Schlain, ACID DREAMS, 8-9.
      104. John Marks interview with Victor Marchetti, December
19, 1977  (Marks files).
      105. Martin T. Orne, "On the Mechanisms of Posthypnotic
Amnesia," THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
HYPNOSIS, 1966, vol. 14, 121-134. Orne's work with post-hypnotic
amnesia was funded by NIMH, the Air Force Office of Scientific
Research, and the Office of Naval Research. I  should like to
hear what innocent explanation, if any, the Air Force has to
offer to explain their interest in post-hypnotic amnesia. ["We
must not allow a post-hypnotic-amnesia gap!" of course. -jpg]
      106. Bowart, OPERATION MIND CONTROL, 242-243.
      107. Obviously Allan Dulles. This may have been a
hypnotically-induced delusion; on the other hand, Dulles'
legendary sexual rapacity makes this claim rather less unlikely
than one might first assume.
      108. Always the best indicator of whether or not hypnosis
is genuine; I can't understand why Orne didn't use this test in
the Blanchi case.
      109. Herbert Spiegel, "Hypnosis and evidence: Help or
hindrance," ANN. N.Y. ACAD. SCI.; 1980, 347, 73-85.
      110. See, for example, Kroger, HYPNOSIS AND BEHAVIOR
MODIFICATION, 21-22
      111. See especially Klass, UFO ABDUCTIONS: A DANGEROUS
GAME, 60-61. Orne, interviewed here, makes reference to the work
summarized in his article "The use and misuse of hypnosis in
court" (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS, 1979, vol.
27, 311-341.)
      112. Klass argues that ufologists, in conducting hypnotic
regression sessions, inadvertently cue their subjects. A close
reading of his text reveals that he never proves or claims that
such "cues" have taken place in any individual instance; he
simply believes that cueing MIGHT have occurred. Had Klass been
more willing to deal with abductees directly, he might have found
evidence of cause and effect; as it stands, his argument really
amounts to no more than a suggestion. For all that, I find his
ideas regarding the running of "clean" hypnotic regression
sessions potentially valuable.
      113. Marks, THE SEARCH FOR "THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE",
34-37.
      114. Donald Bain, THE CONTROL OF CANDY JONES (Chicago,
Playboy Press, 1976).
      115. The use of hypnotized couriers in warfare goes back to
the 19th century.
      116. Estabrooks, HYPNOTISM, 193-214.
      117. John Marks interview with Milton Kline, December 22,
1977 (Marks files). In another interview, Professor Clare Young
(a colleague of Esta- brooks' at Colgate University) confirmed
that Estabrooks' hypnosis work for the government has never been
published.
      118. Or could her marriage have been part of the program?
"Long John," as he was popularly known, was famous in UFO
circles, and had provided a forum for such early-day contactees
as Howard Menger. He also knew Jackie Gleason, a prominent (if
unlikely) name in the "crashed disc" rumor vaults. Could  Candy
have been assigned to discover what Nebel knew?
      119. Marks files. John Marks did excellent work on the
Candy Jones story; he erred -- almost unforgivably -- on the side
of conservatism when he refused to include information about this
incident in his book. I know the name of  the institute involved;
however, since Candy saw fit to keep this aspect of  her story
secret (probably for sound legal reasons), I shall follow her
lead.
      120. Scheflin and Opton, THE MIND MANIPULATORS, 446-447.
      121. Interviews, Marks files. One of Marks' informants
offered the interesting speculation that Candy's torture sessions
were not conducted in the field, but in the lab -- her entire
mission might have been a hypno- programmed fantasy.
      122. The information about Candy's CIA files stems from a
telephone interview with Candy Jones. A problem looms here: CIA
cover stories unravel like the skin of an onion; once you remove
the outer layer, the next lie is revealed. [For this reason, I
don't think this paper "reveals" the whole truth; that, I
suspect, is far worse. -jpg]  In the case of Candy Jones, the
substrata of buncombe involves allegations that she WILLINGLY
complied with the CIA, and used Jensen's hypnosis experiments as
a rationalization for her compliance. Such is the explanation
offered by certain of Marks' informants; alas, Opton and Scheflin
seem to have bought this line. Anyone familiar with the vile acts
of self-degradation to which Candy's programmers subjected her
will laugh this story out of court. No one, short of a severely
psychotic masochist, would willingly undergo what she went
through.
      123. Marks files.
      124. William Kroger, CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPNOSIS
(Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1963), 299.
      125. Recently, ufologist Jim Moseley, an acquaintance of
Candy's, has claimed that an unidentified source on Nebel's
"inner circle" once, off-the- record, pronounced Candy's story "a
crock."  This assertion deserves careful and respectful
consideration. Still, Moseley won't identify his source, and we
have no way of telling if this insider spoke from instinct or
certain knowledge, or indeed, what he really meant. Did he feel
Candy was fantasizing or fibbing? If the former, why did her
hallucinations match details of  MKULTRA released only after
publication of her book? If the latter, how are we to explain the
many hypnotic regression tapes, at least some of which were made
available to outside investigators? (Fairly elaborate, for a
hoax.)  In any case, how could Candy have known the fact
(confirmed by Marks' associates) that Kroger taught "Jensen" at a
certain West-coast institute? Why, if the story was "a crock,"
would Candy risk libel suits by naming -- to associates and
investigators, if not to the general public -- real-life
hypnotherapists? All in all, I would suggest that Moseley's
"insider" was speaking glibly, and did not know the true facts.
[Or was speaking disinformationally. -jpg]
      126. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1976.
      127. Ibid., 415.
      128. Similar paranoid outbreaks led to the dissolution of
Dr. Richard Neal's UFO abductee group in Los Angeles, according
to a phone interview I had with Dr. Neal.
      129. Affidavit of Dr. Simpson-Kallas in the case of
Sirhan-Sirhan, 1973; see Bowart, OPERATION MIND CONTROL, 225.
      130. All true MPs have experienced some form of abuse or
trauma, psycho- logical or physical, during childhood.
      131. One was ritually abused in an occult setting. If I
were a "spy- chiatrist" scouting potential fodder for mind
control experiments, I would seek out abused children from
military families. (A military background would ensure that the
"right" doctor gets access to the child.)  Abduction researchers
should look for such a pattern.
      132. I refer here to the vast upsurge in alien abductions
which took place that year; see generally Kevin Randle, THE
OCTOBER SCENARIO (Middle Coast, 1988). Of course, abductions (or,
according to my hypothesis, dis- guised mind control operations)
occurred previous to this year.
      133. John Marks interview with Milton Kline, December 22,
1977 (Marks files).
      134. Brenda Butler ET AL., SKY CRASH, expanded edition
(London: Grafton Books, 1986), 305-321, 354-355.
      135. Telephone interview with Nancy Wright.
      136. Telephone interview with Miranda Parks.
      137. William Moore, "UFOs and the U.S. Government," FOCUS,
vol. 4, June 30, 1989. Moore's role in the affair strikes me as
highly questionable, even scandalous -- although at least here we
have one instance of direct and irrefutable "insider" testimony
of government harassment.
      138. Some have also raised questions about his psychiatric
treatment of Oswald assassin Jack Ruby. I find it odd that a CIA
mind control veteran -- who did NOT reside or practice in Dallas
-- should have been assigned to the Ruby case.
      139. Samiel Chavkin, THE MIND STEALERS (New York: Houghton
Mifflin, 1978), 96-107.
      140. Raymond Fowler, THE ANDREASSON AFFAIR (New York:
Prentice Hall, 1979).
      141. New York: Warner Books, 1989; 198-202.
      142. Ruth Montgomery, ALIENS AMONG US (Ballantine, 1985),
49. My article "Psychiatric Abuse of UFO Witness," referred to
earlier, also documents this phenomenon.
      143. Chung-Kwang Chou and Arthur W. Guy, "Quantization of
Microwave Biological Effects," SYMPOSIUM OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
AND MEASUREMENT OF RADIO FREQUENCY/MICROWAVES, edited by Dewitt
G. Hazzard (U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare,
1977).
      144. MIAMI HERALD, May 28, 1984 and June 6, 1984; NATIONAL
EXAMINER, vol. 22, no. 18, April 30, 1985. Although the EXAMINER
is a supermarket tabloid, and therefore a questionable source,
this periodical has rendered researchers the service of printing
the X-ray of Petit's brain, showing the implant. [Ever heard of
airbrushing? -jpg]
      145. Los Angeles TIMES, March 28, 1988.
      146. Raymond Fowler, THE ANDREASSON AFFAIR, PHASE TWO
(Reward, 1982).  This book includes rare photographs of the
unmarked helicopters which have plagued this abduction victim and
her family.
      147. A mutual friend described for me an incident in which
the former  SEAL, mistakenly perceiving a threat, almost
instantly felled, and nearly killed, a man twice his size.
Whatever the truth of my informant's other statements, he
certainly has received advanced combat training.
      148. Fenton Bresler, WHO KILLED JOHN LENNON? (New York: St.
Martin's  Press, 1989), 45-46.
      149. Bowart, OPERATION MIND CONTROL, 27-42.
      150. Denise Winn, THE MANIPULATED MIND (London, Octagon
Press, 1983), 72-73; Bresler, WHO KILLED JOHN LENNON?, 41; see
generally: Peter Watson, WAR ON THE MIND (London: Hutchison,
1978) (Watson broke the story on Narut for the London TIMES). 
      151. Larry Collins, "Mind Control," PLAYBOY, January 1990.
      152. John Marks interview with Milton Kline, December 22,
1977 (Marks files).
      153. Richard A. Gabriel, NO MORE HEROES (New York: Hill and
Wang, 1987), 124.
      154. Ibid., 150-151.
      155. See generally: Mark Lane, CONVERSATIONS WITH AMERICANS
(Simon and Shuster, 1970); A.J. Langguth, HIDDEN TERRORS (New
York: Pantheon, 1978).
      156. John G. Fuller, THE INTERRUPTED JOURNEY (New York:
Dell, 1966).
      157. This detail plays a part in other abductions -- for
example, it crops up in the Betty Andreasson Luca case. See
Raymond Fowler, THE ANDREAS- SON AFFAIR (New York: Bantam, 1980),
50-51.
      158. Stanton Friedman, for example; the reader is referred
to his 1988 Whole Life Expo lecture, "UFOs: A Cosmic Watergate."
      159. THE BODY ELECTRIC, 196-202.
      160. The Fish map has received wide discussion; for a
representative sampling, the reader is directed to the
aforementioned Friedman lecture (note 158); Terence Dickenson,
"The Zeti Reticuli Incident," ASTRONOMY, December, 1974; Klass,
UFO ABDUCTIONS: A DANGEROUS GAME, 20-23; and John Rimmer, THE
EVIDENCE FOR ALIEN ABDUCTIONS (Weillingborough: Aquarian, 1984),
88-92. Incidentally, Klass has proposed to Friedman a test
regarding the ability to recall such material accurately under
hypnotic regression; Friedman, for reasons best known to himself,
declined the offer to participate.
      161. Jacques Vallee, DIMENSIONS (Chicago: Contemporary,
1988), 266.
      162. See Rimmer, THE EVIDENCE FOR ALIEN ABDUCTIONS, 91-92.
None of this is meant to denigrate Marjorie Fish, whose work has
received universal praise.
      163. Fuller, THE INTERRUPTED JOURNEY, 18-19.
      164. Athan G. Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, THE BOSS: J.
EDGAR HOOVER AND THE GREAT AMERICAN INQUISITION (Philadelphia:
Temple University Press, 1978), 325; Chip Berlet, "The Hunt for
the Red Menace," COVERT ACTION INFORM- ATION BULLETIN, no. 31
(winter, 1989); J. Edgar Hoover, COINTELPRO (memo), March 4,
1968.
      165. For example, Delgado's work pre-dates the Hill
incident. Moreover, one of the few pages released on MKULTRA
subproject 119 concerns "a critical review of the literature and
scientific developments related to the recording, analysis and
interpretation of bioelectric signals from the human organism,
and activation of human behavior by remote means."  The review
took place in 1960-61. Presumably, the CIA wanted to DO something
with the information so derived.
      166. "UFO Abductions Workshop," Whole Life Expo, March,
1988.
      167. Ludwig Mayer, DIE TECHNIC DER HYPNOSE (Munich: J.H.
Lehmanns Verlag, 1953), 225; quoted in: Heinz E. Hammerschlag
(translation: John Cohen) HYPNOTISM AND CRIME (Hollywood:
Wilshire Book Company, 1957), 24-25.
      168. Numerous articles discuss this possibility; see, for
example, William C. Coe ET AL. "An Approach Toward Isolating
Factors that Influence Antisocial Conduct in Hypnosis," THE
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPNOSIS,
1972, vol XX, no. 2, 118-131, as well as other reports in that
issue. The difference between the laboratory and the "field"
settings may account for the success of Mayer's experiment and
the apparent failure of the "aliens."  [Or perhaps Hopkins'
informant REALIZED he was in Miniluv and his autonomy was on the
line; he reacted against this standard Gestapo procedure as best
he could: by turning the gun on O'Brien. -jpg]
      169. For a description of a quite similar experiment
conducted under CIA auspices in 1954, see "CIA able to control
minds by hypnosis, data shows," THE WASHINGTON POST, February 19,
1978.
      170. Abductee interview, "Veronica."  The reader will, I
hope, forgive my use of a pseudonym here. For the most part, I
hope to deal in this work with published cases. Suffice it to
say, Veronica's testimony proved fascinating, troubling,
convoluted, problematical; in spite of all the questions raised
by this case, I still believe it to have substantial bearing on
my thesis. The reader will forgive me for severing relations with
this abductee before completing an investigation; she keeps a
mini-armory next to her bed.
      171. Abductee interview, "Veronica,"  At one point, she ran
an informal abductee/contactee group; as a result, she was able
to describe many other cases to me. [Pseudomemories programmed
into her? -jpg]
      172. One ARTICHOKE document explicitly details a failed
attempt to use hypnosis to induce the assassination of a foreign
leader. The document is undated; the experiment took place
January 8-January 15, 1954. Document  reproduced in CIA PAPERS,
vol. 1 (Ann Arbor, MI: Capitol Information Asso- ciates,
1986),39-41.
      173. John Marks interview of Prof. Jack Tracktir (Marks
files).
      174. Jenny Randles, ABDUCTIONS (London: Robert Hale, 1988),
52-53.
      175. As in, for example, the Palle Hardrup affair.
      176. Private correspondence, Robert Durant to the author.
      177. Abductee interview, "Polly."  I won't give the facial
details here; suffice it to say that this abductor, like
Margary's (noted earlier), has something of the smell of
greasepaint about him.
      178. The base is mantioned in Ann Druffel's and D. Scott
Rogo's THE  TUJUNGA CANYON CONTACTS (New York: Signet, 1989)
[expanded edition], 157.
      179. On the other hand, Armstrong asks us to accept his own
channelled material, so he would have an awkward time should he
choose to challenge the "psychic impressions" of others.
      180. Jacques Vallee, MESSENGERS OF DECEPTION (Berkeley:
And/Or Press, 1979), 192-193.
      181. Curtis G. Fuller (editor), PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST
INTERNATIONAL UFO CONGRESS (New York: Warner Books, 1980), 307.
      182. For information of Pelley, see John Roy Carlson, UNDER
COVER (New York: Dutton, 1943).
      183. Gerald B. Bryan, PSYCHIC DICTATORSHIP IN AMERICA (Los
Angeles: Truth Research, 1940). An essential book-length expose
of Ballardism. One of Bryan's sources alleges that Ballard,
before founding the I AM group, may have practiced some variety
of black magic.
      184. The student should carefully compare the I AM dogma
with the available information on pre-Third Reich occultism; the
best sources are James Webb's masterful analyses, THE OCCULT
ESTABLISHMENT and THE OCCULT UNDERGROUND (La Salle, Illinois:
Open Court Publishing, 1976).
      185. Vallee, MESSENGERS OF DECEPTION, 192-194.
      186. Even a cursory examination of Williamson's SECRET OF
THE ANDES (London: Neville Superman, 1961), written under the
pseudonym Brother Philip, will reveal the I AM connections.
      187. Personal sources. Van Tassell's "Integration," a domed
structure allegedly built under extra-terrestrial guidance
(located near 29 Palms, California) prominently displays, to this
day, key I AM artifacts such as the portraits of Jesus and Saint
Germain (commissioned by Ballard).
      188. "The Afghan Arms Pipeline," COVERT ACTION INFORMATION
BULLETIN, no. 30 (summer, 1988).
      189. Telephone interview with John Judge.
      190. Village of Oak Creek, Arizona: Entheos, 1989, 119. I
can't recall ever encountering another book title which contained
so many grammatical errors. Armstrong's accomplishment is
genuinely impressive.
      191. For further information on I AM, Prophet's
organization, saucer cults, and other groups, see the appropriate
sections of J. Gordon Melton's ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN RELIGION.
      192. Ruth Montgomery, ALIENS AMONG US (New York:
Ballantine, 1985), 128-188.
      193. Penny Harper, "Are Aliens Taking Over the Earth?"
WHOLE LIFE TIMES, January 1990.
      194. John Keel, WHY UFOS: OPERATION TROJAN HORSE (New York:
Manor Books, 1970) [paperback edition], 228.
      195. Hickson and Mendez, UFO CONTACT AT PASCAGOULA, 242.
      196. Strieber, COMMUNION, 134; TRANSFORMATION, 109.
      197. "Contactee: Firsthand," UFO magazine, vol. 4, no. 2,
1989.
      198. Telephone conversation, Tom Adams.
      199. Ed Conroy, REPORT ON COMMUNION (New York: William
Morrow, 1989), 365-385.
      200. "Contactee: Firsthand," UFO magazine, vol. 3, no. 3.
      201. New York: Zebra, 1971. See especially note 2, Chap. 9.

                    SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MIND CONTROL

ACID DREAMS, by Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain (Grove, 1985).
Outstanding work on MKULTRA and drugs.

THE BODY ELECTRIC, by Robert Becker (Morrow, 1985). Important.

THE BRAIN CHANGERS, by Maya Pines (Signet, 1973). Outdated, but
an excellent chapter on the stimoceiver and related technologies.

BRAIN CONTROL, by Elliot Valenstein (John Wiley and Sons, 1973).
Highly conservative; outdated; still worth reading.

CIA PAPERS, compiled by Capitol Information Associates (POB 8275,
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48107). Interesting selection of MKULTRA
documents.

THE CONTROL OF CANDY JONES, by Donald Bain (Playboy Press, 1976).
Mandatory reading.

HUMAN DRUG TESTING BY THE CIA, hearings before the Subcommittee
on Health and Scientific Research on the Committee on Human Resources,
United States Senate (Government Printing Office, 1977).

HYPNOTISM, by George Estabrooks (Dutton, 1957). See especially
the chapters on hypnosis in warfare and crime. Some modern experts 
in clinical hypnosis decry Estabrooks' work. These "experts" tend 
to have a history of funding by CIA cut-outs and military 
intelligence. I suspect they denounce Estabrooks not because his 
work was shoddy, but because he let the cat out of the bag.

INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND THE FEDERAL ROLE IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION,
by the Staff of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the
Committee of the INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND THE FEDERAL ROLE IN
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION, by the Staff of the Subcommittee on 
Constitutional Rights of the Committee of the Judiciary, United 
States Senate (Government Printing Office, 1974).

MEGABRAIN, by Michael Hutchison (Ballantine, 1986). The only
popular book on modern mind machines.
MESSENGERS OF DECEPTION, by Jacques Vallee (And/Or, 1979). Vallee
has been criticized, correctly, for including in this book 
invented "conversations" with a composite character he calls 
Major Murphy. But the section on cults in this book bears a 
haunting resemblance to stories I have heard in my own 
investigations.

THE MIND MANIPULATORS, by Opton and Scheflin (Paddington Press,
1978). Conservative, but extremely useful as a reference work.

MIND WARS, by Ronald McCrae (St. Martin's Press, 1984).

OPERATION MIND CONTROL, by Walter Bowart (Dell, 1978). The best
single volume on the subject. Difficult to find; indeed, this 
book's rapid disappearance from bookstores and libraries has 
aroused the suspicions of some researchers. (Tom David Books, 
POB 1107, Aptos, CA 95001, carries this work.)

PHYSICAL CONTROL OF THE MIND, by Jose Delgado (Harper and Row,
1969). Outdated but still essential.

PROJECT MKULTRA, joint hearing before the Select Committee on
Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human 
Resources, United States Senate (Government Printing Office, 
1977).

PSYCHIC WARFARE: FACT OR FICTION? edited by John White (Aquarian,
1988). See especially Michael Rossman's contribution.

PSYCHOTECHNOLOGY, Robert L. Schwitzgebel and Ralph K.
Schwitzgebel (Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1973).

THE SCIENTIST, by John Lilly (expanded edition: Ronin, 1988).
Bizarre -- Lilly is an ex-"brainwashing" specialist who claims 
to be in contact with aliens. Is he controlled or controlling?

THE SEARCH FOR "THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE", by John Marks (Bantam,
1978). An invaluable book. However, many people have made the 
mistake of assuming it tells the full story. It does not.

WERE WE CONTROLLED? by Lincoln Lawrence (University Books, 1967).
Explores possible connections to the JFK assassination. Dr. 
Petter Lindstrom's endorsement of this work makes it mandatory 
reading.

WHO KILLED JOHN LENNON? by Fenton Bresler (St. Martin's Press,
1989). Interesting thesis concerning the possible use of mind
control on Mark David Chapman. Better in its analysis of 
Chapman than in its history of mind control. In my own work, 
I have encountered data which may help confirm Bresler's theory.

THE ZAPPING OF AMERICA, by Paul Brodeur (MacLeod [Canadian
edition], 1976). Contains a good chapter on microwave mind 
control technology.

The important stories of Martti Koski and Robert Naeslund can be
obtained by sending three dollars to Martti Koski,
Kiilinpellontie 2, 21290 Rusko,  FINLAND. Koski's description of
his "programming" sessions should not be  taken at face value; we
cannot always trust the perception of someone whose perception
has been altered. His research into the technology of mind
control is solid.
