(Adey, 1983, 1986, 1987; Adey and Lawrence, 1984; Lawrence and Adey, 1982). Page 122: Cooperative Modification of Calcium Binding by RF Fields at Cell Surfaces with Amplification of Initial Signals Initial stimuli associated with weak perpindicular EM fields and with binding of stimulating molecules at their membrane receptor sites elicit a HIGHLY COOPERATIVE modification of Ca++ binding to glycoproteins along the membrane surface. As noted above, a longitudinal spread is consistent with the direction of extracellular current flow associated with physiological activity and imposed EM fields. This cooper- ative modification of surface Ca++ binding is an AMPLIFYING STAGE, with evidence from concurent initial molecular binding events by imposed RF fields that there is a far greater increase in Ca++ efflux than is accounted for in the events of receptor-ligand binding (Bawin and Adey, 1976; Bawin et al, 1975; Liu-Liu and Adey, 1982). Page 124: ... Enzymes are protein molecules that function as catalysts, initiating and enhancing chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur at tissue temperatures. This ability resides in the pattern of electrical charges on the molecular surface. In the fashion of more familiar chemical catalysts, such as the hydrocarbon oxidation systems which function only at very high temperatures in automotive exhaust systems, a catalyst emerges unchanged from these reactions and is thus able to participate indefinitely in a specific reaction. Activation of these enzymes and the reactions in which they participate involve energies millions of times greater than in the cell surface cell surface triggering events initiated by the EM fields, emphasizing the MEMBRANE AMPLIFICATION inherent in this trans-membrane signaling sequence. Page 131: ... Stimulus Amplification in Cooperative Systems ... It is therefore clear that OBSERVED EM field interactions with cells and tissues based on oscillating ELF tissue gradients between 10 E-7 and 10 E-1 volts per centimeter would involve cooperativity MANY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE GREATER than envisaged in the examples just cited. -50-